{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2904811779","doi":null,"title":"A Reason to Resist: The Use of Deadly Force in Aiding Victims of Unlawful Police Aggression","display_name":"A Reason to Resist: The Use of Deadly Force in Aiding Victims of Unlawful Police Aggression","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2904811779","mag":"2904811779"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digital.sandiego.edu:sdlr-1114","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digital.sandiego.edu/sdlr/vol52/iss3/6","pdf_url":"https://digital.sandiego.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1114&context=sdlr","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400863","display_name":"Digital USD (University of San Diego)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","host_organization_name":"University of California San Diego","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"San Diego Law Review","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://digital.sandiego.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1114&context=sdlr","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043748056","display_name":"Kindaka J. Sanders","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kindaka J. Sanders","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043748056"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"3","first_page":"695","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.6592000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.6592000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14493","display_name":"Criminal Law and Evidence","score":0.17159999907016754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.07090000063180923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lethal-force","display_name":"lethal force","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-amendment","display_name":"Second Amendment","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-defense","display_name":"self-defense","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/district-of-columbia-v-heller","display_name":"District of Columbia v. Heller","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mcdonald-v-city-of-chicago","display_name":"McDonald v. City of Chicago","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/michael-brown-shooting","display_name":"Michael Brown shooting","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-misconduct","display_name":"police misconduct","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/right-to-keep-and-bear-arms","display_name":"right to bear arms","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indiana","display_name":"Indiana","score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constitutional-law","display_name":"constitutional law","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-accountability","display_name":"police accountability","score":0.4399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-disparities-in-policing","display_name":"racial disparities in policing","score":0.4180000126361847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.6583126187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779298689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q896527","display_name":"Deadly force","level":2,"score":0.6307640075683594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779448149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191797","display_name":"Aggression","level":2,"score":0.6268866658210754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53524968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315582","display_name":"Resist","level":3,"score":0.5257989764213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776729102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971119","display_name":"Use of force","level":3,"score":0.48743394017219543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4386656582355499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3660982847213745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.34162047505378723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3375067114830017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2831321060657501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.20259308815002441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.11361801624298096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55447825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"International law","level":2,"score":0.07030725479125977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.057583510875701904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.04895088076591492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:digital.sandiego.edu:sdlr-1114","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digital.sandiego.edu/sdlr/vol52/iss3/6","pdf_url":"https://digital.sandiego.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1114&context=sdlr","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400863","display_name":"Digital USD (University of San Diego)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","host_organization_name":"University of California San Diego","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"San Diego Law Review","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2904811779","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digital.sandiego.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1114&context=sdlr","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764470788","display_name":"San Diego law review","issn_l":"0036-4037","issn":["0036-4037"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"San Diego law review","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digital.sandiego.edu:sdlr-1114","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digital.sandiego.edu/sdlr/vol52/iss3/6","pdf_url":"https://digital.sandiego.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1114&context=sdlr","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400863","display_name":"Digital USD (University of San Diego)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","host_organization_name":"University of California San Diego","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"San Diego Law Review","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":1.0,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2904811779.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2904811779.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W216995911","https://openalex.org/W4319443627","https://openalex.org/W3088131957","https://openalex.org/W2260170599","https://openalex.org/W4239167820","https://openalex.org/W7030106731","https://openalex.org/W2527806035","https://openalex.org/W2811233832","https://openalex.org/W7164634039","https://openalex.org/W2889504234"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Some":[0],"two":[1],"and":[2,113,314,330,351,446,466,512,618,645,747,766,786,868],"a":[3,14,126,174,238,340,392,421,427,457,487,695,700,717,777,789,819,825,831,852,876],"half":[4],"years":[5],"before":[6],"the":[7,19,29,42,57,68,79,93,103,106,115,132,154,222,241,251,260,282,296,305,328,336,362,369,372,381,384,397,402,408,438,441,450,462,479,494,510,515,549,557,561,580,589,597,608,628,634,664,668,673,680,683,725,752,796,808,816,837,843,861,865,869,880],"fatal":[8,261],"shooting":[9,262],"of":[10,31,46,54,59,105,213,227,243,253,263,284,304,310,318,327,343,348,358,371,379,411,440,483,514,592,599,630,636,672,682,712,754,773,799,830,839,851,856,864,884],"Michael":[11,265,601],"Brown":[12,266,602],"by":[13,335,624,667,801],"Ferguson,":[15,268,604],"Missouri":[16],"Police":[17],"Officer,":[18],"Indiana":[20,24,47,69,116,180,196,276,337,500,743],"State":[21,117],"Legislature":[22,118],"enacted":[23],"Code":[25,181,197,277,501,744],"\u00a7":[26,182,198,278,502,745],"35-41-3-2":[27,183,199,746],"authorizing":[28],"use":[30,157,223,226,283,635,705,753,772,798,846],"force,":[32,100,285],"including":[33,286,803],"deadly":[34,158,287,774,847],"force":[35,159,229,288,540,632,638,706,730,756,775,800,823,848],"against":[36,41,102,160,186,230,289,707,734,757,776,795,824],"public":[37,161,187,290,708,758,778,804,826],"servants":[38,162,709],"acting":[39],"unlawfully":[40],"persons":[43],"or":[44,224,491,633],"property":[45],"citizens.":[48],"The":[49,123,217,414,430,464,504,530],"statute,":[50,338],"passed":[51,64],"in":[52,65,73,99,163,211,247,259,267,295,308,499,553,585,596,603,639,654,710,811,828,849,875],"March":[53],"2012,":[55],"is":[56,125,200,420,426,455,611,621],"first":[58],"its":[60,214,616,625],"kind.":[61],"It":[62],"was":[63,564,566,583],"reaction":[66],"to":[67,83,108,119,136,147,156,191,388,396,443,452,461,472,476,486,508,517,526,533,567,573,587,612,615,641,650,659,662,686,704,740,780,792,841,845,873],"Supreme":[70,299,550,669,881],"Court's":[71,551,670,809,882],"decision":[72,552,810],"Barnes":[74],"v.":[75,312,316,360,377],"State,":[76],"which":[77,728],"abolished":[78],"common":[80,133],"law":[81,134,768],"right":[82,107,135,155,387,394,442,451,459,516,532,703,791,844,872],"resist":[84,109,137,574],"an":[85,110,138,148,770,782],"unlawful":[86,111,139,170,538,642,720,797],"arrest.":[87],"Gun":[88],"rights":[89,146,474,485,497],"groups,":[90],"most":[91,257,301],"notably":[92],"National":[94],"Rifle":[95],"Association":[96],"(NRA),":[97],"responded":[98],"rallying":[101],"abolition":[104],"arrest":[112],"exhorting":[114],"expand":[120],"gun-related":[121,144],"rights.":[122],"result":[124],"statute":[127],"that":[128,166,179,221,280,324,365,417,434,489,556,569,698],"not":[129,168],"only":[130],"re-instates":[131],"arrest,":[140],"but":[141],"also":[142,219,235,456,648],"expands":[143],"defensive":[145,228,484,496,729,755],"unprecedented":[149],"degree.":[150],"This":[151,320,833,854],"expansion":[152,482],"includes":[153],"some":[164,325,543],"situations":[165],"do":[167],"involve":[169],"police":[171,232,244,254,643,652,735],"violence.":[172],"As":[173,760],"result,":[175],"many":[176,248],"commentators":[177],"argue":[178],"incentivizes":[184],"violence":[185,644],"servants.":[188,759,805],"A":[189,657,738],"Reason":[190,658,739],"Resist":[192,660,741],"posits":[193],"that,":[194,447],"although":[195],"problematic":[201],"for":[202,270,478],"several":[203],"reasons,":[204],"it":[205,425,523,620,762],"nonetheless,":[206],"finds":[207],"compelling":[208,293],"constitutional":[209,531],"support":[210,294],"terms":[212],"core":[215,370,439],"principals.":[216],"Article":[218,321,693],"suggests":[220,555],"threatened":[225],"rogue":[231],"officials":[233],"may":[234,541,731],"serve":[236],"as":[237,333,391,448,519,521,676,678],"check":[239,651,718],"on":[240,407,719,764,860],"type":[242,252],"misconduct":[245,255,653],"prevalent":[246],"minority":[249,655,687],"communities;":[250],"alleged":[256,595],"recently":[258],"teenager":[264],"Missouri,":[269],"example.":[271],"Furthermore,":[272],"state":[273,749],"laws,":[274],"like":[275],"35-41-3-2,":[279],"authorize":[281],"servants,":[291],"find":[292],"United":[297],"States":[298],"Court\u2019s":[300],"recent":[302],"interpretations":[303],"Second":[306,373,385,562,581,609,674,684,701,866],"Amendment":[307,386,563,582,610,675,685,702,867],"District":[309,357],"Columbia":[311,359],"Heller":[313,329,465,785,812],"McDonald":[315,331,376,467,554,787,814],"City":[317,378],"Chicago.":[319],"warns,":[322],"however,":[323,506],"aspects":[326],"opinions,":[332],"evidenced":[334],"invite":[339],"dangerous":[341],"degree":[342],"chaos":[344],"into":[345],"our":[346],"system":[347],"\"ordered":[349],"liberty":[350],".":[352,353,354],"justice.\"":[355],"In":[356,375,399,689],"Heller,":[361],"Court":[363,382,403,415,431],"determined":[364],"self-defense":[366,412,419,435,518,862],"lies":[367,436],"at":[368,437],"Amendment.":[374],"Chicago,":[380],"established":[383],"bear":[389,444,453],"arms":[390,445,454],"fundamental":[393,409,428,458,790],"applicable":[395,460],"states.":[398,463],"doing":[400],"so,":[401],"relied":[404],"almost":[405],"exclusively":[406],"nature":[410],"itself.":[413],"reasoned":[416,433],"since":[418],"natural":[422],"right,":[423],"then":[424,627],"right.":[429],"further":[432],"such,":[449,761],"opinions":[468],"give":[469],"cannon":[470],"fire":[471],"gun":[473],"groups":[475],"push":[477],"\"constitutionally":[480],"mandated\"":[481],"level":[488],"rivals":[490],"even":[492],"exceeds":[493],"statutory":[495,696],"found":[498],"35-41-3-2.":[503],"Court,":[505],"failed":[507],"address":[509,588,815],"scope":[511],"limits":[513],"well":[520,677],"whether":[522],"would":[524],"extend":[525],"third":[527,535,820],"party":[528,821],"defense.":[529],"defend":[534,781,793],"parties":[536],"from":[537],"government":[539,576,721],"have":[542],"redeeming":[544],"social":[545],"value.":[546],"That":[547],"is,":[548],"primary":[558],"reason":[559],"why":[560],"ratified":[565,584],"ensure":[568],"citizens":[570],"were":[571],"armed":[572],"potential":[575],"tyranny.":[577],"Said":[578],"differently,":[579],"part":[586],"exact":[590],"brand":[591],"governmental":[593],"tyranny":[594],"killing":[598],"unarmed":[600],"Missouri.":[605],"So":[606],"if":[607,619],"remain":[613],"true":[614],"roots":[617],"indeed":[622],"justified":[623],"purpose,":[626],"threat":[629],"civilian":[631],"such":[637],"response":[640],"oppression,":[646],"should":[647],"work":[649],"communities.":[656,688],"attempts":[661],"remedy":[663],"gap":[665],"left":[666],"interpretation":[671,883],"illustrates":[679],"applicability":[681],"so":[690],"doing,":[691],"this":[692],"offers":[694],"model":[697],"secures":[699],"defense":[711,829,850],"others":[713],"and,":[714],"thus,":[715,835],"maintains":[716],"aggression":[722],"while":[723],"limiting":[724],"circumstances":[726],"under":[727],"be":[732],"used":[733],"officials.":[736],"Additionally,":[737],"explores":[742],"other":[748],"laws":[750],"permitting":[751],"focuses":[763],"statutes":[765],"case":[767],"involving":[769],"intervener's":[771],"servant":[779,827],"unrelated":[783],"third-party.":[784],"establish":[788],"oneself":[794],"anyone,":[802],"However,":[806],"neither":[807],"nor":[813],"situation":[817],"where":[818],"uses":[822],"stranger.":[832,853],"Article,":[834],"proposes":[836],"concept":[838,855],"\"defense-in-resistance\"":[840],"describe":[842],"defense-in-resistance":[857],"relies":[858],"both":[859],"component":[863],"Amendment's":[870],"implied":[871],"rebel,":[874],"manner":[877],"consistent":[878],"with":[879],"these":[885],"issues.":[886]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":21}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2018-12-22T00:00:00"}
