{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2903903405","doi":null,"title":"The tactics & tropes of the Internet Research Agency","display_name":"The tactics & tropes of the Internet Research Agency","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2903903405","mag":"2903903405"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:senatedocs-1003","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/senatedocs/2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400577","display_name":"Lincoln (University of Nebraska)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","host_organization_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"United States Senate Documents","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067816317","display_name":"Ren\u00e9e DiResta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9229-9713","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9229-9713"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren\u00e9e DiResta","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9229-9713","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024187182","display_name":"Kris P. Shaffer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9074-7524","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9074-7524"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kris Shaffer","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9074-7524","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032761960","display_name":"Becky Ruppel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Becky Ruppel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012789140","display_name":"David B. Sullivan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David B. Sullivan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028973834","display_name":"Robert Matney","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Matney","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072027426","display_name":"Ryan B. Fox","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan B. Fox","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059839883","display_name":"Jonathan Albright","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8903-7218","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8903-7218"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Albright","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8903-7218","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006688081","display_name":"Ben Johnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4209-7405","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4209-7405"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4209-7405","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":48.2513,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":167,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99864952,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.007199999876320362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13369","display_name":"European and Russian Geopolitical Military Strategies","score":0.006200000178068876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-research-agency","display_name":"Internet Research Agency","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/russian-interference","display_name":"Russian interference","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disinformation","display_name":"disinformation","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/influence-operations","display_name":"influence operations","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media-manipulation","display_name":"social media manipulation","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2016-us-presidential-election","display_name":"2016 US presidential election","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media-posts","display_name":"social media posts","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facebook","display_name":"Facebook","score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/twitter","display_name":"Twitter","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alphabet","display_name":"alphabet","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-division","display_name":"social division","score":0.35199999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.6965659856796265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5815389156341553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780502288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28838156","display_name":"Expansive","level":3,"score":0.5712147355079651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.5291001796722412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5229202508926392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4755173325538635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138569888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828310","display_name":"Panopticon","level":3,"score":0.4411439299583435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.43168923258781433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.42775455117225647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.39954257011413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.38681820034980774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.34178632497787476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.32143670320510864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.2713497579097748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.26609498262405396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1687723696231842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.15610551834106445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.12477990984916687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:senatedocs-1003","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/senatedocs/2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400577","display_name":"Lincoln (University of Nebraska)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","host_organization_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"United States Senate Documents","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2903903405","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://apo.org.au/node/211296","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.5473999977111816,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2897648888","https://openalex.org/W4375817659","https://openalex.org/W6986936460","https://openalex.org/W2980902266","https://openalex.org/W2968516330","https://openalex.org/W7005732329","https://openalex.org/W2904943091","https://openalex.org/W3131176946","https://openalex.org/W3171558715","https://openalex.org/W4411144297"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Upon":[0],"request":[1],"by":[2,28,47,80,275],"the":[3,48,60,81,103,139,153,159,187,205,212,227,276,284],"United":[4],"States":[5],"Senate":[6],"Select":[7],"Committee":[8],"on":[9],"Intelligence":[10],"(SSCI),":[11],"New":[12],"Knowledge":[13],"reviewed":[14],"an":[15,57,114,195],"expansive":[16],"data":[17,38,43,73,147,188,206],"set":[18,35,74,127,189],"of":[19,36,105,116,122,128,158,182,200,216,223,229,242,267,286],"social":[20,238,259],"media":[21],"posts":[22],"and":[23,31,86,101,108,125,169,236,257],"metadata":[24],"provided":[25,46],"to":[26,52,145,155,204,253],"SSCI":[27],"Facebook,":[29],"Twitter,":[30],"Alphabet,":[32],"plus":[33],"a":[34,120,126,174,179,197,269],"related":[37,203],"from":[39,97,186],"additional":[40],"platforms.":[41],"The":[42,67,141],"sets":[44],"were":[45],"three":[49,219],"primary":[50],"platforms":[51],"serve":[53],"as":[54,194],"evidence":[55],"for":[56],"investigation":[58],"into":[59],"Internet":[61,88,279],"Research":[62,89,280],"Agency":[63,90,281],"(IRA)":[64,91],"influence":[65,92,110,118,239,256],"operations.":[66],"organic":[68],"post":[69],"content":[70],"in":[71,135,138,211,261],"this":[72,106,287],"has":[75],"never":[76],"previously":[77],"been":[78],"seen":[79],"public.":[82],"Our":[83],"report":[84],"quantifies":[85],"contextualizes":[87],"operations":[93],"targeting":[94],"American":[95],"citizens":[96],"2014":[98],"through":[99],"2017,":[100],"articulates":[102],"significance":[104],"long-running":[107],"broad":[109],"operation.":[111],"It":[112],"includes":[113,143],"overview":[115],"Russian":[117,209,277],"operations,":[119],"collection":[121],"summary":[123,199],"statistics,":[124],"key":[129],"takeaways":[130],"that":[131,151],"are":[132],"then":[133],"discussed":[134],"detail":[136],"later":[137],"document.":[140],"document":[142],"links":[144],"full":[146],"visualizations,":[148],"hosted":[149],"online,":[150],"permit":[152],"reader":[154],"explore":[156],"facets":[157],"IRA-created":[160],"manipulation":[161],"ecosystem.":[162],"Finally,":[163],"we":[164],"share":[165],"our":[166,191,230],"concluding":[167],"notes":[168],"recommendations.":[170],"We":[171],"also":[172],"provide":[173],"comprehensive":[175,198],"slide":[176],"deck":[177],"accommodating":[178],"wide":[180],"array":[181],"selected":[183],"images":[184],"directly":[185,248],"illustrating":[190],"observations,":[192],"and,":[193],"appendix,":[196],"relevant":[201],"statistics":[202],"set.":[207],"Broadly,":[208],"interference":[210],"U.S.":[213],"Presidential":[214],"Election":[215],"2016":[217],"took":[218],"distinct":[220],"forms,":[221],"one":[222],"which":[224],"is":[225,283],"within":[226],"scope":[228],"analysis:":[231],"...":[232],"3.":[233],"A":[234],"sweeping":[235],"sustained":[237],"operation":[240],"consisting":[241],"various":[243],"coordinated":[244,271],"disinformation":[245,272],"tactics":[246],"aimed":[247],"at":[249],"US":[250,262],"citizens,":[251],"designed":[252],"exert":[254],"political":[255],"exacerbate":[258],"divisions":[260],"culture.":[263],"This":[264],"last":[265],"form":[266],"interference,":[268],"multi-year":[270],"effort":[273],"conducted":[274],"state-supported":[278],"(IRA),":[282],"topic":[285],"analysis.":[288]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2018-12-22T00:00:00"}