{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2903449203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.4.27","title":"Policy Evolution under the Clean Air Act","display_name":"Policy Evolution under the Clean Air Act","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2903449203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.4.27","mag":"2903449203"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1257/jep.33.4.27","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.4.27","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.4.27","pdf_url":"https://www.aeaweb.org/articles/pdf/doi/10.1257/jep.33.4.27","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72880728","display_name":"The Journal of Economic Perspectives","issn_l":"0895-3309","issn":["0895-3309","1944-7965"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Economic Perspectives","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.aeaweb.org/articles/pdf/doi/10.1257/jep.33.4.27","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110935819","display_name":"Richard Schmalensee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6351-2300","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6351-2300","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0330-0063"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Schmalensee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Richard Schmalensee is the Howard W. Johnson Professor of Management Emeritus, Professor of Economics Emeritus, and Dean Emeritus, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sloan School of Management, Cambridge, Massachusetts","National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Richard Schmalensee is the Howard W. Johnson Professor of Management Emeritus, Professor of Economics Emeritus, and Dean Emeritus, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sloan School of Management, Cambridge, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001387267","display_name":"Robert N. Stavins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4496-1706","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4496-1706"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801278523","display_name":"Resources For The Future","ror":"https://ror.org/04qpegs24","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801278523"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert N. Stavins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robert N. Stavins is the A. J. Meyer Professor of Energy and Economic Development, Harvard Kennedy School, Cambridge, Massachusetts; University Fellow, Resources for the Future, Washington, DC; and Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robert N. Stavins is the A. J. Meyer Professor of Energy and Economic Development, Harvard Kennedy School, Cambridge, Massachusetts; University Fellow, Resources for the Future, Washington, DC; and Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853","https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801278523"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.0729,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":89,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9729524,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"4","first_page":"27","last_page":"50"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13148","display_name":"Environmental and Air Quality Management","score":0.007199999876320362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12185","display_name":"Regulation and Compliance Studies","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clean-air-act","display_name":"Clean Air Act","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-pollution-control-policy","display_name":"air pollution control policy","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-regulation","display_name":"environmental regulation","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-instruments","display_name":"policy instruments","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-based-policy-instruments","display_name":"market-based policy instruments","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-protection-agency","display_name":"Environmental Protection Agency","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legislative-amendment","display_name":"legislative amendment","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partisan-polarization","display_name":"partisan polarization","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-policy","display_name":"climate policy","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federal-environmental-law","display_name":"federal environmental law","score":0.5910000205039978}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777404476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2978744","display_name":"Clean Air Act","level":3,"score":0.9207018613815308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.7091471552848816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5842841267585754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989271921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q919526","display_name":"Environmental policy","level":2,"score":0.5531123280525208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5300001502037048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128069549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q328798","display_name":"Environmental law","level":2,"score":0.5101618766784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C559116025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123","display_name":"Air pollution","level":2,"score":0.5042558908462524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4581957459449768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.42217308282852173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3436453938484192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.32813510298728943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2916800379753113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.1819588840007782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.09810560941696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1257/jep.33.4.27","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.4.27","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.4.27","pdf_url":"https://www.aeaweb.org/articles/pdf/doi/10.1257/jep.33.4.27","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72880728","display_name":"The Journal of Economic Perspectives","issn_l":"0895-3309","issn":["0895-3309","1944-7965"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Economic Perspectives","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:aea:jecper:v:33:y:2019:i:4:p:27-50","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/jep.33.4.27","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1257/jep.33.4.27","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.4.27","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.4.27","pdf_url":"https://www.aeaweb.org/articles/pdf/doi/10.1257/jep.33.4.27","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72880728","display_name":"The Journal of Economic Perspectives","issn_l":"0895-3309","issn":["0895-3309","1944-7965"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315912","host_organization_name":"American Economic Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315912"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Economic Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Economic Perspectives","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5473999977111816,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2903449203.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2903449203.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992442244","https://openalex.org/W2038275477","https://openalex.org/W2143703889"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2302581769","https://openalex.org/W2046438184","https://openalex.org/W3086507034","https://openalex.org/W4237529652","https://openalex.org/W2118474470","https://openalex.org/W1967812419","https://openalex.org/W246085196","https://openalex.org/W3025476814","https://openalex.org/W2016810060","https://openalex.org/W4391445626"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"US":[1,31],"Clean":[2,80],"Air":[3,81],"Act,":[4,82],"passed":[5],"in":[6,44,133,138],"1970":[7],"with":[8,83,121],"strong":[9],"bipartisan":[10],"support,":[11],"was":[12],"the":[13,19,27,30,45,52,59,71,79,87,99,110,114,125,134,139,142,156,169,178,186],"first":[14],"environmental":[15,42],"law":[16],"to":[17,65,86,168,176,184],"give":[18],"federal":[20],"government":[21],"a":[22,38,95],"serious":[23],"regulatory":[24],"role,":[25],"established":[26],"architecture":[28],"of":[29,73,89,98,102,113,128,189],"air":[32,74,146],"pollution":[33,75,147],"control":[34,76],"system,":[35],"and":[36,48,105,108,136,154,166],"became":[37],"model":[39],"for":[40],"subsequent":[41],"laws":[43],"United":[46],"States":[47],"globally.":[49],"We":[50,69,93],"outline":[51],"act\u2019s":[53],"key":[54],"provisions,":[55],"as":[56,58],"well":[57],"main":[60],"changes":[61],"Congress":[62],"has":[63,149,173],"made":[64],"it":[66,172],"over":[67,155],"time.":[68],"assess":[70,109],"evolution":[72,112],"policy":[77,90,103,118,130,160],"under":[78],"particular":[84,122],"attention":[85],"types":[88,101],"instruments":[91],"used.":[92],"provide":[94],"generic":[96],"assessment":[97],"major":[100],"instruments,":[104,131],"we":[106],"trace":[107],"historical":[111],"Environmental":[115],"Protection":[116],"Agency\u2019s":[117],"instrument":[119],"use,":[120],"focus":[123],"on":[124],"increased":[126],"use":[127],"market-based":[129],"beginning":[132],"1970s":[135],"culminating":[137],"1990s.":[140],"Over":[141],"past":[143,157],"50":[144],"years,":[145,159],"regulation":[148],"gradually":[150],"become":[151,163,174],"more":[152],"complex,":[153],"20":[158],"debates":[161],"have":[162],"increasingly":[164],"partisan":[165],"polarized,":[167],"point":[170],"that":[171],"impossible":[175],"amend":[177],"act":[179],"or":[180],"pass":[181],"other":[182],"legislation":[183],"address":[185],"new":[187],"threat":[188],"climate":[190],"change.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2018-12-11T00:00:00"}