{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2902014657","doi":null,"title":"UAV-Based Geotechnical Modeling and Mapping of an Inaccessible Underground Site","display_name":"UAV-Based Geotechnical Modeling and Mapping of an Inaccessible Underground Site","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2902014657","mag":"2902014657"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.mtech.edu:grad_rsch-1178","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.mtech.edu/grad_rsch/177","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196681","display_name":"Digital Commons - Montana Tech (Montana Tech of the University of Montana)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I917168660","host_organization_name":"Montana Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I917168660"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Graduate Theses & Non-Theses","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Elizabeth Anne Russell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I917168660","display_name":"Montana Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ttqt747","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I917168660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth Anne Russell","raw_affiliation_strings":["MONTANA TECH OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MONTANA TECH OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I917168660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088015232","display_name":"Mary M. MacLaughlin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I917168660","display_name":"Montana Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ttqt747","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I917168660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Maclaughlin","raw_affiliation_strings":["MONTANA TECH OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MONTANA TECH OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I917168660"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087981415","display_name":"R. M. Turner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100467132","display_name":"Barrick Gold (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/03bq2c460","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100467132"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. M. Turner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Barrick Gold Golden Sunlight Mine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barrick Gold Golden Sunlight Mine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100467132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8484,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73530659,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10161","display_name":"Rock Mechanics and Modeling","score":0.0034000000450760126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13067","display_name":"Geological Modeling and Analysis","score":0.0032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uav-photogrammetry","display_name":"UAV photogrammetry","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underground-mines","display_name":"underground mines","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discontinuity-mapping","display_name":"discontinuity mapping","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-control-points","display_name":"ground control points","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/georeferencing","display_name":"georeferencing","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rock-mass-stability","display_name":"rock mass stability","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinematic-analysis","display_name":"kinematic analysis","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underground-cavities","display_name":"underground cavities","score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-geology","display_name":"structural geology","score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mine-safety","display_name":"mine safety","score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rockfall-prediction","display_name":"rockfall prediction","score":0.3499999940395355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5136951208114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93011207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2066351","display_name":"Geotechnical investigation","level":2,"score":0.4760843813419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.46174508333206177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.mtech.edu:grad_rsch-1178","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.mtech.edu/grad_rsch/177","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196681","display_name":"Digital Commons - Montana Tech (Montana Tech of the University of Montana)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I917168660","host_organization_name":"Montana Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I917168660"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Graduate Theses & Non-Theses","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2902014657","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.mtech.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1178&context=grad_rsch","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306499552","display_name":"52nd U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"52nd U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.651199996471405,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W279765976","https://openalex.org/W338122595","https://openalex.org/W1552623717","https://openalex.org/W1998943389","https://openalex.org/W2138784324","https://openalex.org/W2486687732","https://openalex.org/W2514346690","https://openalex.org/W2610648535","https://openalex.org/W2611215961","https://openalex.org/W2899627572"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2946704221","https://openalex.org/W2173362867","https://openalex.org/W7161486039","https://openalex.org/W2769632744","https://openalex.org/W6887799777","https://openalex.org/W7052499826","https://openalex.org/W7126124612","https://openalex.org/W2531652530","https://openalex.org/W3207809945","https://openalex.org/W7160643160"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"photogrammetry":[1,110,124,334,371],"is":[2,154],"becoming":[3],"a":[4,113,121,155,176,185,287,377,390],"more":[5],"common":[6],"method":[7],"used":[8,312],"for":[9,106,160,202,372],"mapping":[10,328,341,381],"geological":[11,24],"and":[12,25,97,192,245,271,308,339,379,410],"structural":[13,26,272],"rock":[14],"mass":[15],"features":[16,273],"in":[17,28,67,72,94,100,116,132,144,213,232,242,247,254,263,298,336,366,415],"underground":[18,53,95,123,203,326],"mining.":[19],"The":[20,393],"issue":[21],"of":[22,32,44,83,89,166,180,325],"capturing":[23],"data":[27,70,211,342,374,409],"inaccessible,":[29],"unsupported":[30,52],"areas":[31,416],"mines":[33,45,96],"remains":[34],"even":[35],"when":[36],"utilizing":[37],"terrestrial":[38],"photogrammetric":[39],"methods;":[40],"thus,":[41],"geotechnical":[42,69,163,373],"models":[43,268],"are":[46,418],"left":[47],"with":[48,109,383],"incomplete":[49],"datasets.":[50],"Large":[51],"voids,":[54],"like":[55],"stopes,":[56],"have":[57,104],"the":[58,68,84,152,167,194,210,214,221,248,260,264,291,299,316,321,332,337,345,348,361],"potential":[59,75],"to":[60,128,147,208,223,240,256,284,314,347,406,411],"cause":[61],"major":[62],"failures,":[63],"but":[64,364],"by":[65],"filling":[66],"gaps":[71],"inaccessible":[73,134,215],"areas,":[74],"failures":[76],"can":[77,387],"be":[78,241],"predicted":[79],"through":[80],"kinematic":[81],"analysis":[82],"area\u2019s":[85],"mapped":[86,275],"discontinuities.":[87],"Implementation":[88],"Unmanned":[90],"Aerial":[91],"Vehicles":[92],"(UAVs)":[93],"recent":[98],"advances":[99],"obstacle":[101],"detection":[102],"systems":[103],"allowed":[105],"greater":[107],"experimentation":[108],"conducted":[111],"from":[112,290],"UAV":[114,173,196,252,297],"platform":[115],"mines.":[117],"For":[118],"this":[119,397],"study,":[120],"UAV-based":[122,204,333,370],"system":[125,168,178,187],"was":[126,282,304,329,351],"developed":[127],"manually":[129],"capture":[130,407],"imagery":[131,249,261,294,385],"an":[133,171],"stope":[135,222,265,288,338],"at":[136,266],"Barrick":[137],"Gold":[138],"Corporation\u2019s":[139],"Golden":[140],"Sunlight":[141],"Mine":[142],"(GSM)":[143],"Whitehall,":[145],"Montana,":[146],"see":[148],"whether":[149],"or":[150],"not":[151,365],"approach":[153],"viable":[156],"remote":[157],"sensing":[158],"technique":[159],"gathering":[161],"georeferenced":[162,257],"data.":[164],"Development":[165],"involved":[169],"selecting":[170],"appropriate":[172,195],"platform,":[174],"identifying":[175],"lighting":[177],"capable":[179],"providing":[181],"adequate":[182],"illumination,":[183],"acquiring":[184],"sensor":[186],"that":[188,228,353,386,417],"consistently":[189],"avoids":[190],"obstacles,":[191],"choosing":[193],"camera":[197,253],"(and":[198],"its":[199],"respective":[200],"settings)":[201],"imaging.":[205],"In":[206],"order":[207,255],"georeference":[209],"collected":[212,262,295,343],"stope,":[216,300],"paintballs":[217],"were":[218,229,269,274,311,358],"shot":[219],"into":[220],"create":[224,389],"ground":[225],"control":[226],"points":[227],"then":[230],"surveyed":[231],"laser":[233],"range":[234],"detection.":[235],"These":[236],"paintball":[237],"marks":[238],"had":[239],"visual":[243],"line-of-sight":[244],"visible":[246],"captured":[250,335],"via":[251,296],"them.":[258],"Using":[259,369],"GSM,":[267],"constructed":[270],"on":[276],"those":[277],"models.":[278],"Bentley":[279],"ContextCapture":[280],"software":[281],"able":[283],"successfully":[285],"construct":[286],"model":[289],"video":[292],"frame":[293],"while":[301],"ADAM":[302,309],"Technology":[303,310],"not.":[305],"Split-Engineering\u2019s":[306],"Split-FX":[307],"separately":[313],"map":[315],"discontinuity":[317,327,356],"planes":[318,357],"present":[319],"within":[320],"model.":[322],"A":[323],"comparison":[324],"performed":[330],"using":[331,360,404],"hand":[340,367],"around":[344],"entrance":[346],"stope.":[349],"It":[350],"found":[352],"northeasterly":[354],"striking":[355],"identified":[359],"digital":[362],"mapping,":[363],"mapping.":[368],"collection":[375],"creates":[376],"quick":[378],"thorough":[380],"process":[382],"time-stamped":[384],"potentially":[388],"safer":[391],"mine.":[392],"lessons":[394],"learned":[395],"during":[396],"study":[398],"may":[399],"help":[400,412],"guide":[401],"future":[402],"efforts":[403],"UAVs":[405],"geologic":[408],"monitor":[413],"stability":[414],"inaccessible.":[419]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2018-12-11T00:00:00"}