{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2901617899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.11.006","title":"Synthesis of dimethyl carbonate for enhancement of gasoline performance","display_name":"Synthesis of dimethyl carbonate for enhancement of gasoline performance","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2901617899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.11.006","mag":"2901617899"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jksues.2018.11.006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.11.006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.11.006","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018363918301028/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764977103","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences","issn_l":"1018-3639","issn":["1018-3639","2213-1558"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018363918301028/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050914108","display_name":"Khalid Turki Rashid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7794-5174","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7794-5174"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171256487","display_name":"University of Technology - Iraq","ror":"https://ror.org/01w1ehb86","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalid T. Rashid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology, P.O. Box 19006, Baghdad, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology, P.O. Box 19006, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Khalid Mansour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4903-8961","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4903-8961"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171256487","display_name":"University of Technology - Iraq","ror":"https://ror.org/01w1ehb86","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalid Mansour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology, P.O. Box 19006, Baghdad, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4903-8961","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology, P.O. Box 19006, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063780221","display_name":"Mohammad Fadhil Abid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5690-8577","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5690-8577"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171256487","display_name":"University of Technology - Iraq","ror":"https://ror.org/01w1ehb86","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad F. Abid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology, P.O. Box 35010, Baghdad, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology, P.O. Box 35010, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104090952","display_name":"Salah M. Ali","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salah M. Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Petroleum Research and Development Center, Ministry of Oil, Baghdad, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Petroleum Research and Development Center, Ministry of Oil, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043144807","display_name":"Kadhim N. Abed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405257924","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/05tqgjy81","country_code":"IQ","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405257924"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kadhim N. Abed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vocational Education, Ministry of Education, Baghdad, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vocational Education, Ministry of Education, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405257924"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063780221"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"],"apc_list":{"value":0,"currency":"USD","value_usd":0},"apc_paid":{"value":0,"currency":"USD","value_usd":0},"fwci":0.1748,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.42110092,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"2","first_page":"171","last_page":"177"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11593","display_name":"Carbon dioxide utilization in catalysis","score":0.6714000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1508","display_name":"Process Chemistry and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11593","display_name":"Carbon dioxide utilization in catalysis","score":0.6714000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1508","display_name":"Process Chemistry and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11831","display_name":"Chemical Synthesis and Reactions","score":0.24279999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1605","display_name":"Organic Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10507","display_name":"Biodiesel Production and Applications","score":0.014600000344216824,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimethyl-carbonate","display_name":"dimethyl carbonate","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gasoline-additives","display_name":"gasoline additives","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eggshell-waste","display_name":"eggshell waste","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-catalysis","display_name":"heterogeneous catalysis","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcium-oxide-nanoparticles","display_name":"calcium oxide nanoparticles","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propylene-carbonate","display_name":"propylene carbonate","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methanol","display_name":"methanol","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/octane-number","display_name":"octane number","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-valorization","display_name":"waste valorization","score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/green-chemistry","display_name":"green chemistry","score":0.7620000243186951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778197717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q416254","display_name":"Dimethyl carbonate","level":3,"score":0.9340698719024658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7082614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849523","display_name":"Calcination","level":3,"score":0.7078922390937805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160892712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901559","display_name":"Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.677527129650116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103697071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39558","display_name":"Gasoline","level":2,"score":0.6676576137542725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161790260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264","display_name":"Catalysis","level":2,"score":0.5818934440612793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5405799746513367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.536255955696106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779607525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14982","display_name":"Methanol","level":2,"score":0.5303792357444763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780659211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181699","display_name":"Carbonate","level":2,"score":0.4690554440021515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776624427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150681","display_name":"Octane","level":2,"score":0.42185717821121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4190688133239746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13965031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243545","display_name":"Nuclear chemistry","level":1,"score":0.4164399206638336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.33862006664276123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.253821462392807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.12908363342285156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jksues.2018.11.006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.11.006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.11.006","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018363918301028/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764977103","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences","issn_l":"1018-3639","issn":["1018-3639","2213-1558"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:44736d5a7b3e49a582adfd72134e868f","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/44736d5a7b3e49a582adfd72134e868f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University: Engineering Sciences, Vol 31, Iss 2, Pp 171-177 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jksues.2018.11.006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.11.006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.11.006","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1018363918301028/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764977103","display_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences","issn_l":"1018-3639","issn":["1018-3639","2213-1558"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.807699978351593},{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5690000057220459}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2901617899.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2901617899.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1562392219","https://openalex.org/W1963573275","https://openalex.org/W1977784529","https://openalex.org/W2009081386","https://openalex.org/W2016696048","https://openalex.org/W2092708520","https://openalex.org/W2136839140","https://openalex.org/W2140802384","https://openalex.org/W2141272121","https://openalex.org/W2188536461","https://openalex.org/W2225702651","https://openalex.org/W2334287089","https://openalex.org/W2471976535","https://openalex.org/W2550304670","https://openalex.org/W2609594206","https://openalex.org/W3120255244","https://openalex.org/W4231796955","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4293200518","https://openalex.org/W6686922117"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7127432493","https://openalex.org/W2369355681","https://openalex.org/W2952583821","https://openalex.org/W1972029194","https://openalex.org/W2070094598","https://openalex.org/W3041270798","https://openalex.org/W2377653953","https://openalex.org/W3032766171","https://openalex.org/W4367301731","https://openalex.org/W1976151767"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,27],"aimed":[2],"to":[3,26,116],"investigate":[4],"the":[5,28,39,48,62,75,81,91,99,102,109,131,137,181],"preparation":[6,92],"and":[7,51,57,70,112,163],"application":[8],"of":[9,30,32,42,54,61,83,93,101,127,133,151,156,166,171],"a":[10,35,87,177],"green":[11],"chemical":[12],"(i.e.,":[13],"dimethyl":[14,134],"carbonate":[15],"(DMC))":[16],"as":[17,34,86],"an":[18,148],"anti-knocking":[19],"agent":[20],"for":[21,90,108,147],"gasoline.":[22],"Another":[23],"objective":[24],"was":[25,114],"usage":[29],"wastes":[31,85],"eggs":[33],"heterogeneous":[36,88],"catalyst":[37,89],"in":[38,120,136,180],"process.":[40],"Results":[41,65],"Brunauer\u2013Emmett\u2013Teller":[43],"method":[44],"showed":[45,66,176],"that":[46,67,98,143],"both":[47],"surface":[49],"area":[50],"pore":[52],"volume":[53],"calcined":[55,68],"eggshell":[56,69,84],"pure":[58,71],"CaO":[59,72,103,113],"were":[60,153],"same":[63,76],"order.":[64],"have":[73],"almost":[74],"X-ray":[77],"diffraction":[78],"images":[79],"confirming":[80],"suitability":[82],"DMC.":[94],"SEM":[95],"analysis":[96],"revealed":[97],"morphology":[100],"nano-particles":[104],"are":[105],"spherical":[106],"shape":[107],"Nanoparticles":[110],"(NPs)":[111],"determined":[115],"be":[117],"\u223c63":[118],"nm":[119],"size.":[121],"FTIR":[122],"(Fourier-transform":[123],"infrared":[124],"spectroscopy)":[125],"spectra":[126],"reaction":[128],"mixture":[129],"proved":[130],"presence":[132],"carbamate":[135],"resulting":[138],"sample.":[139],"Experimental":[140],"results":[141],"indicated":[142],"optimum":[144],"operating":[145,167],"parameters":[146],"80.4%":[149],"yield":[150],"DMC":[152,172],"9:1":[154],"ratio":[155],"methanol-to":[157],"propylene":[158],"carbonate,":[159],"0.8":[160],"wt%":[161],"catalyst,":[162],"2":[164],"h":[165],"time.":[168],"The":[169],"blending":[170],"with":[173,185],"pool":[174],"gasoline":[175],"noticeable":[178],"increase":[179],"octane":[182],"number":[183],"compared":[184],"other":[186],"conventional":[187],"toxic":[188],"additives.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2018-11-29T00:00:00"}