{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2900304528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v12i3.1625","title":"THE URBAN TRANSFORMATION OF TRADITIONAL CITY CENTRES: HOLY KARBALA AS A CASE STUDY","display_name":"THE URBAN TRANSFORMATION OF TRADITIONAL CITY CENTRES: HOLY KARBALA AS A CASE STUDY","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2900304528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v12i3.1625","mag":"2900304528"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.26687/archnet-ijar.v12i3.1625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v12i3.1625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v12i3.1625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183932","display_name":"International Journal of Architectural Research Archnet-IJAR","issn_l":"1938-7806","issn":["1938-7806","2631-6862"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v12i3.1625","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027378442","display_name":"Sabeeh Lafta Farhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4460-1268","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4460-1268"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabeeh Lafta Farhan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009087668","display_name":"Mohamed Gamal Abdelmonem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8271-0924","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8271-0924"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Gamal Abdelmonem","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043088056","display_name":"Zuhair Nasar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8939-4883","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8939-4883"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zuhair A. Nasar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.9231,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98709828,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"3","first_page":"53","last_page":"53"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12995","display_name":"Urban Development and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9057999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12995","display_name":"Urban Development and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9057999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13599","display_name":"Architecture and Cultural Influences","score":0.07029999792575836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11846","display_name":"Cultural Heritage Management and Preservation","score":0.012600000016391277,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-transformation","display_name":"urban transformation","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/karbala","display_name":"Karbala","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/holy-city","display_name":"Holy City","score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pilgrimage","display_name":"pilgrimage","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-processions","display_name":"religious processions","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/historic-heritage-conservation","display_name":"historic heritage conservation","score":0.5640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-fabric","display_name":"urban fabric","score":0.5799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-structure","display_name":"urban structure","score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-law","display_name":"urban law","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sacred-space","display_name":"sacred space","score":0.43700000643730164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.6469859480857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1468524","display_name":"City centre","level":2,"score":0.6343271732330322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5071258544921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779448473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1644573","display_name":"Pilgrimage","level":2,"score":0.43643391132354736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780631588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569011","display_name":"Urban history","level":2,"score":0.4312903881072998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49545453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883","display_name":"Urban planning","level":2,"score":0.42948079109191895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.28517946600914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.24288052320480347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.19351163506507874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.1764964759349823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1281094253063202}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.26687/archnet-ijar.v12i3.1625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v12i3.1625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v12i3.1625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183932","display_name":"International Journal of Architectural Research Archnet-IJAR","issn_l":"1938-7806","issn":["1938-7806","2631-6862"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:220579","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8271-0924>","pdf_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/220579/1/2018_Farhan_Abdelmonem_Nassar_IJAR.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irep.ntu.ac.uk:45256","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/45256/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400559","display_name":"Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I52590639","host_organization_name":"Nottingham Trent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52590639"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.26687/archnet-ijar.v12i3.1625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v12i3.1625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v12i3.1625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183932","display_name":"International Journal of Architectural Research Archnet-IJAR","issn_l":"1938-7806","issn":["1938-7806","2631-6862"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":1.0}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8500000238418579}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4400989784","https://openalex.org/W4387236545","https://openalex.org/W4400990152","https://openalex.org/W3202010377","https://openalex.org/W4411791791","https://openalex.org/W4398054041","https://openalex.org/W3082803890","https://openalex.org/W2776228829","https://openalex.org/W2625497099","https://openalex.org/W7213357659"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Karbala":[0,82,151,170],"is":[1,123],"one":[2],"of":[3,20,27,37,45,56,60,66,91,101,110,132,145,165,169,180,194,202,209,214],"the":[4,54,61,73,78,86,98,102,130,133,155,162,166,178,181,185,192,195,200,203,207],"metropolitan":[5],"cities":[6],"in":[7,81,124,136,150,211],"Iraq,":[8],"its":[9,21,89,115],"historic":[10,167],"and":[11,40,48,58,68,85,104,118,148,206],"religious":[12,38,173],"centre":[13,84,174,205],"has":[14,52],"a":[15,64,108,143,172],"long":[16],"history,":[17],"yet":[18],"many":[19],"buildings":[22],"are":[23],"under":[24],"threat":[25],"because":[26],"unclear":[28],"conservation":[29],"management":[30],"due":[31],"to":[32,77],"urban":[33,119,134,156,196,212],"transformation.":[34],"The":[35,121],"history":[36],"rituals":[39],"processions":[41],"reflects":[42],"an":[43],"array":[44],"values,":[46],"concepts":[47],"planning":[49],"philosophy":[50],"that":[51,112],"used":[53],"power":[55],"religion":[57],"holiness":[59],"city":[62,83,103,216],"as":[63,171,175,177],"source":[65],"homogeneity":[67],"integration.":[69],"By":[70],"looking":[71],"at":[72],"mass-pilgrimage":[74],"spatial":[75,99],"practices":[76,147],"Holy":[79],"Shrines":[80],"adaptation":[87],"by":[88,198],"residents":[90],"their":[92],"domestic":[93],"neighbourhoods,":[94],"this":[95,137],"paper":[96,122],"analyses":[97,191],"conditions":[100],"offers":[105],"insights":[106],"into":[107],"set":[109,144],"factors":[111],"have":[113],"shaped":[114],"historical":[116,187,204],"evolution":[117,168],"spaces.":[120],"three":[125],"parts;":[126],"first,":[127],"it":[128,141,190],"discusses":[129],"causes":[131],"transformation":[135,193,213],"holy":[138],"city.":[139],"Secondly,":[140],"documents":[142],"everyday":[146],"problems":[149],"city,":[152],"focusing":[153],"on":[154],"level":[157],"(the":[158],"traditional":[159,215],"fabric),":[160],"following":[161],"analytical":[163],"method":[164],"well":[176],"incompatibility":[179],"modern":[182],"development":[183],"with":[184],"centre\u2019s":[186],"heritage.":[188],"Thirdly,":[189],"structure":[197],"discussing":[199],"characteristics":[201],"role":[208],"legislation":[210],"centres.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-02T10:15:12.560889","created_date":"2018-11-16T00:00:00"}