{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2896907502","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bey036","title":"Multinational enterprises, service outsourcing and regional structural change","display_name":"Multinational enterprises, service outsourcing and regional structural change","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2896907502","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bey036","mag":"2896907502"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/cje/bey036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bey036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bey036","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/cje/article-pdf/42/6/1585/26484459/bey036.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67103694","display_name":"Cambridge Journal of Economics","issn_l":"0309-166X","issn":["0309-166X","1464-3545"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cambridge Journal of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/cje/article-pdf/42/6/1585/26484459/bey036.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086125204","display_name":"Andrea Ascani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4738-3144","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4738-3144"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0090zs177","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}],"countries":["GB","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Ascani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Environment, London School of Economics","Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environment, London School of Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013198133","display_name":"Simona Iammarino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9450-1700","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9450-1700"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0090zs177","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Simona Iammarino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Environment, London School of Economics"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9450-1700","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environment, London School of Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013198133"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"apc_list":{"value":3423,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":4514},"apc_paid":{"value":3041,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3279},"fwci":3.6715,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9313077,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"6","first_page":"1585","last_page":"1611"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.8511000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.8511000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11014","display_name":"Agglomeration and Urban Systems","score":0.056299999356269836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11912","display_name":"Outsourcing and Supply Chain Management","score":0.032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multinational-corporations","display_name":"multinational corporations","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-outsourcing","display_name":"service outsourcing","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-structural-change","display_name":"regional structural change","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-economy","display_name":"service economy","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forward-linkages","display_name":"forward linkages","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-labor-markets","display_name":"local labor markets","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-sector-employment","display_name":"service sector employment","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-kingdom","display_name":"United Kingdom","score":0.31200000643730164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.8413738012313843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158016649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161726","display_name":"Multinational corporation","level":2,"score":0.7838007211685181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5767706036567688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49271019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1969120","display_name":"Structural change","level":2,"score":0.5568084120750427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.5547342896461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30425244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1221088","display_name":"Service economy","level":2,"score":0.5308875441551208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31266012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6554340","display_name":"Linkage (software)","level":3,"score":0.5056946277618408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.49957919120788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778023277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321703","display_name":"Premise","level":2,"score":0.492395281791687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43246008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55638","display_name":"Tertiary sector of the economy","level":2,"score":0.43064138293266296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4136374592781067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.3569129705429077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.20206791162490845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74363100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005","display_name":"Economic system","level":1,"score":0.1939467191696167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.15813660621643066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":11,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/cje/bey036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bey036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bey036","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/cje/article-pdf/42/6/1585/26484459/bey036.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67103694","display_name":"Cambridge Journal of Economics","issn_l":"0309-166X","issn":["0309-166X","1464-3545"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cambridge Journal of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lse.ac.uk:90206","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9450-1700>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401593","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","host_organization_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:egu:wpaper:1724","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://econ.geo.uu.nl/peeg/peeg1724.pdf","pdf_url":"http://econ.geo.uu.nl/peeg/peeg1724.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.lse.ac.uk:90206","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9450-1700>","pdf_url":"https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/90206/7/bey036.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401593","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","host_organization_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"mag:3094242873","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:egu:wpaper:1724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ehl:lserod:90206","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/90206/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:oup:cambje:v:42:y:2018:i:6:p:1585-1611.","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1093/cje/bey036","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/359544","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/359544","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Working paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/375965","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/375965","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unica.it:11584/383251","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11584/383251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196293","display_name":"UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172446870","host_organization_name":"University of Cagliari","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172446870"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:uu:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/375965","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/375965","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cambridge Journal of Economics, 42(6), 1585. Oxford University Press","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/cje/bey036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bey036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bey036","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/cje/article-pdf/42/6/1585/26484459/bey036.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67103694","display_name":"Cambridge Journal of Economics","issn_l":"0309-166X","issn":["0309-166X","1464-3545"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cambridge Journal of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.7207000255584717}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5354593939","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ES/M008436/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314154","funder_display_name":"Joint Programming Initiative Urban Europe"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G990761589","display_name":"Resilient Cities. Industrial Network and Institutional Perspectives on Economic Growth and Well-being.","funder_award_id":"ES/M008436/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","funder_display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314154","display_name":"Joint Programming Initiative Urban Europe","ror":"https://ror.org/007jd4588"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03n0ht308"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2896907502.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2896907502.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":102,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104862784","https://openalex.org/W172747358","https://openalex.org/W233209460","https://openalex.org/W587645479","https://openalex.org/W609989115","https://openalex.org/W1494738644","https://openalex.org/W1495635763","https://openalex.org/W1498201492","https://openalex.org/W1513181866","https://openalex.org/W1514834016","https://openalex.org/W1523268234","https://openalex.org/W1553472976","https://openalex.org/W1565515356","https://openalex.org/W1580329087","https://openalex.org/W1608247646","https://openalex.org/W1618499521","https://openalex.org/W1683285176","https://openalex.org/W1893236284","https://openalex.org/W1989368087","https://openalex.org/W1997240723","https://openalex.org/W1999847415","https://openalex.org/W2001835026","https://openalex.org/W2003296500","https://openalex.org/W2005110140","https://openalex.org/W2005290540","https://openalex.org/W2016159409","https://openalex.org/W2032773281","https://openalex.org/W2035230633","https://openalex.org/W2036787811","https://openalex.org/W2044917965","https://openalex.org/W2048376888","https://openalex.org/W2048750613","https://openalex.org/W2056049054","https://openalex.org/W2057295627","https://openalex.org/W2058452263","https://openalex.org/W2059615831","https://openalex.org/W2060827592","https://openalex.org/W2062670572","https://openalex.org/W2063836402","https://openalex.org/W2064836271","https://openalex.org/W2066843525","https://openalex.org/W2068564815","https://openalex.org/W2074273132","https://openalex.org/W2077109463","https://openalex.org/W2077710056","https://openalex.org/W2078754034","https://openalex.org/W2079063728","https://openalex.org/W2079283527","https://openalex.org/W2079920529","https://openalex.org/W2089295019","https://openalex.org/W2092717652","https://openalex.org/W2094011140","https://openalex.org/W2095099303","https://openalex.org/W2096006550","https://openalex.org/W2096611253","https://openalex.org/W2101637067","https://openalex.org/W2102400833","https://openalex.org/W2103973333","https://openalex.org/W2104629165","https://openalex.org/W2121963506","https://openalex.org/W2125267269","https://openalex.org/W2134826163","https://openalex.org/W2143413339","https://openalex.org/W2145134790","https://openalex.org/W2146019880","https://openalex.org/W2155428764","https://openalex.org/W2157131365","https://openalex.org/W2159898292","https://openalex.org/W2161906001","https://openalex.org/W2163351227","https://openalex.org/W2171147456","https://openalex.org/W2177486440","https://openalex.org/W2274798886","https://openalex.org/W2277987844","https://openalex.org/W2284471761","https://openalex.org/W2503082400","https://openalex.org/W2570680519","https://openalex.org/W2604455386","https://openalex.org/W2766194280","https://openalex.org/W2803813665","https://openalex.org/W2810554438","https://openalex.org/W3013375642","https://openalex.org/W3022859401","https://openalex.org/W3122246741","https://openalex.org/W3122266454","https://openalex.org/W3122554728","https://openalex.org/W3122619127","https://openalex.org/W3123464746","https://openalex.org/W3124301532","https://openalex.org/W3124453492","https://openalex.org/W3125419880","https://openalex.org/W3125834476","https://openalex.org/W3146371593","https://openalex.org/W4230296576","https://openalex.org/W4233013680","https://openalex.org/W4234553065","https://openalex.org/W4238183946","https://openalex.org/W4241286181","https://openalex.org/W4253528570","https://openalex.org/W4296942221","https://openalex.org/W6607012991","https://openalex.org/W7026483622"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2078754034","https://openalex.org/W4319341825","https://openalex.org/W2279515760","https://openalex.org/W3208688922","https://openalex.org/W2143445126","https://openalex.org/W3206653450","https://openalex.org/W7101108704","https://openalex.org/W3022724432","https://openalex.org/W2218958386","https://openalex.org/W2147508968"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"offers":[2],"a":[3,34,118],"joint":[4],"analysis":[5,31],"of":[6,18,27,77,135,144,148,156],"two":[7],"phenomena":[8],"characterizing":[9],"most":[10],"advanced":[11],"economies":[12],"in":[13,21,57,113,127,142],"recent":[14],"decades:":[15],"the":[16,25,28,42,58,86,101,133,145,154],"rise":[17],"foreign":[19,47,69,91,111],"ownership":[20],"manufacturing":[22,48,70,92,114],"activities":[23],"and":[24],"pervasiveness":[26],"service":[29,53,66,96],"economy.The":[30],"focuses":[32],"on":[33,95],"specific":[35],"intersectoral":[36],"demand-side":[37],"channel":[38],"for":[39,120],"structural":[40,122],"change:":[41],"forward":[43],"linkage":[44],"established":[45],"by":[46,68,124],"multinational":[49],"enterprises":[50],"(MNEs)":[51],"with":[52],"providers":[54],"through":[55],"outsourcing":[56,67],"UK":[59],"local":[60,87],"labour":[61],"markets.Descriptive":[62],"evidence":[63],"shows":[64],"that":[65,76,90,110],"plants":[71],"is":[72,160],"notably":[73],"larger":[74],"than":[75],"their":[78,157],"domestic":[79],"counterparts.On":[80],"this":[81,136],"basic":[82],"premise,":[83],"we":[84],"estimate":[85],"multiplier":[88],"effect":[89,137],"activity":[93],"has":[94],"employment.To":[97],"test":[98],"our":[99],"hypotheses,":[100],"methodology":[102],"adopts":[103],"an":[104],"instrumental":[105],"variable":[106],"approach.Our":[107],"findings":[108],"suggest":[109],"MNEs":[112],"can":[115],"act":[116],"as":[117],"catalyst":[119],"regional":[121],"change":[123],"stimulating":[125],"employment":[126],"intermediate":[128],"services":[129],"via":[130],"demand":[131],"linkages.While":[132],"composition":[134],"seems":[138],"to":[139],"be":[140],"homogeneous":[141],"terms":[143],"knowledge":[146],"content":[147],"services,":[149],"differences":[150],"are":[151],"found":[152],"once":[153],"degree":[155],"spatial":[158],"concentration":[159],"accounted":[161],"for.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2018-10-26T00:00:00"}