{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2894186992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/18.10.904","title":"Deep Convolutional Networks do not Make Classifications Based on Global Object Shape","display_name":"Deep Convolutional Networks do not Make Classifications Based on Global Object Shape","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2894186992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/18.10.904","mag":"2894186992"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1167/18.10.904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/18.10.904","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1167/18.10.904","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137468011","display_name":"Journal of Vision","issn_l":"1534-7362","issn":["1534-7362"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315919","host_organization_name":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315919"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Vision","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1167/18.10.904","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063768839","display_name":"Nicholas Baker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0673-2486","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0673-2486"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Baker","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Los Angeles"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072587042","display_name":"Hongjing Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0660-1176","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0660-1176"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongjing Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Los Angeles"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035045205","display_name":"Gennady Erlikhman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9594-2660","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9594-2660"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134113660","display_name":"University of Nevada, Reno","ror":"https://ror.org/01keh0577","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134113660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gennady Erlikhman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Nevada, Reno"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Nevada, Reno","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134113660"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083019951","display_name":"Philip J. Kellman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9173-2607","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9173-2607"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip Kellman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Los Angeles"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.2502,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58336545,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"10","first_page":"904","last_page":"904"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.7943999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.7943999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.14640000462532043,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.01269999984651804,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-convolutional-neural-networks","display_name":"deep convolutional neural networks","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-shape","display_name":"object shape","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-shape","display_name":"global shape","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-shape-features","display_name":"local shape features","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-scrambling","display_name":"image scrambling","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-classification","display_name":"object classification","score":0.3779999911785126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58103923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2286025","display_name":"Silhouette","level":2,"score":0.8051776885986328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7726044058799744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6317380666732788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.6250241994857788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5928797721862793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5270871520042419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74261601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40112","display_name":"Ellipse","level":2,"score":0.523097038269043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147037132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865426","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","level":3,"score":0.498626708984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4935263395309448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4580603539943695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203527163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q262959","display_name":"Cuboid","level":2,"score":0.4355078339576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4334052801132202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3000457286834717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29690685868263245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.13574469089508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10835403203964233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1167/18.10.904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/18.10.904","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1167/18.10.904","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137468011","display_name":"Journal of Vision","issn_l":"1534-7362","issn":["1534-7362"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315919","host_organization_name":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315919"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Vision","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1167/18.10.904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/18.10.904","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1167/18.10.904","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137468011","display_name":"Journal of Vision","issn_l":"1534-7362","issn":["1534-7362"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315919","host_organization_name":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315919"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Vision","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2903867357","https://openalex.org/W3025069833","https://openalex.org/W3197782019","https://openalex.org/W3205861445","https://openalex.org/W4322744591","https://openalex.org/W4293203903","https://openalex.org/W2946346239","https://openalex.org/W4238916099","https://openalex.org/W4311803308","https://openalex.org/W4412459582"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"convolutional":[1],"networks":[2],"(DCNNs)":[3],"have":[4,238,254],"achieved":[5],"previously":[6],"unseen":[7],"performance":[8,226],"in":[9,245],"object":[10,39,259],"classification,":[11],"raising":[12],"questions":[13],"about":[14],"whether":[15,36],"DCNNs":[16,37,49,87,100,133,236],"operate":[17],"similarly":[18],"to":[19,68,84,119,148,161,202,210,220,240,257],"human":[20,146],"vision.":[21],"In":[22,42,110,150,197],"biological":[23],"vision,":[24],"shape":[25,40,104,130,243],"is":[26],"arguably":[27],"the":[28,80,135,155,170,188,193,204,246],"most":[29],"important":[30],"cue":[31],"for":[32],"recognition.":[33],"We":[34],"tested":[35,48,169],"utilize":[38],"information.":[41],"Experiments":[43],"1":[44],"and":[45,55,61,98,165,179,192,214],"2,":[46],"we":[47,113,153,168,200],"on":[50,172],"shapes":[51],"lacking":[52],"typical":[53],"context":[54],"surface":[56],"texture,":[57],"using":[58],"glass":[59,70],"figurines":[60,71],"silhouettes.":[62,76],"The":[63,185,216],"network":[64,171,186,217],"showed":[65],"no":[66,255],"ability":[67],"classify":[69],"but":[72,106,128,252],"correctly":[73,115],"classified":[74,116,187],"some":[75,102,241],"Specific":[77],"aspects":[78],"of":[79,141,158,175,182,207,248],"results":[81,232],"led":[82],"us":[83],"hypothesize":[85],"that":[86,99,144,235],"do":[88],"not":[89,107],"distinguish":[90],"object's":[91],"bounding":[92],"contours":[93],"from":[94],"other":[95],"edge":[96,250],"information,":[97],"access":[101,239,256],"local":[103,124,176,242,249],"features,":[105],"global":[108,129,142,258],"shape.":[109],"Experiment":[111,151,198],"3,":[112],"scrambled":[114],"silhouette":[117],"images":[118],"test":[120],"classification":[121,137],"accuracy":[122,147],"when":[123],"features":[125],"were":[126],"preserved":[127],"was":[131,218],"disrupted.":[132],"gave":[134],"same":[136],"labels":[138],"despite":[139],"disruptions":[140],"form":[143,247],"reduced":[145],"28%.":[149],"4,":[152],"retrained":[154],"decision":[156,205],"layer":[157,206],"a":[159,208],"DCNN":[160,209],"discriminate":[162,211],"between":[163,212],"circles":[164,173,213],"squares.":[166],"Then,":[167],"composed":[174,181],"half-square":[177],"elements":[178],"squares":[180,191],"half-circle":[183],"elements.":[184],"former":[189],"as":[190,195],"latter":[194],"circles.":[196],"5,":[199],"attempted":[201],"retrain":[203],"ellipses.":[215],"unable":[219],"learn":[221],"this":[222],"discrimination,":[223],"maintaining":[224],"chance":[225],"even":[227],"after":[228],"extended":[229],"training.":[230],"These":[231],"provide":[233],"evidence":[234],"may":[237],"information":[244],"relations,":[251],"they":[253],"shapes.":[260],"Meeting":[261],"abstract":[262],"presented":[263],"at":[264],"VSS":[265],"2018":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-02T10:15:12.560889","created_date":"2018-10-05T00:00:00"}