{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2892200692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/synchroinfo.2018.8457033","title":"CURRENT STATE AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF MICROWAVE FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZERS","display_name":"CURRENT STATE AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF MICROWAVE FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZERS","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2892200692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/synchroinfo.2018.8457033","mag":"2892200692"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/synchroinfo.2018.8457033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/synchroinfo.2018.8457033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/synchroinfo.2018.8457033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306498391","display_name":"2018Systems of Signal Synchronization, Generating and Processing in Telecommunications (SYNCHROINFO)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018Systems of Signal Synchronization, Generating and Processing in Telecommunications (SYNCHROINFO)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048368900","display_name":"Alexander Chenakin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6210-4361","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6210-4361"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. V. Chenakin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Anritsu Company, Morgan Hill, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Anritsu Company, Morgan Hill, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013074098","display_name":"V. N. Kochemasov","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. N. Kochemasov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radiocomp, Moscow, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radiocomp, Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006928841","display_name":"Alexander V. Pestryakov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7793-5037","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7793-5037"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110898","display_name":"Moscow Technical University of Communication and Informatics","ror":"https://ror.org/015zw2f19","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110898"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. V. Pestryakov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics, Moscow, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics, Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110898"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3996,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.41559293,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave-frequency-synthesizer","display_name":"microwave frequency synthesizer","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-digital-synthesis","display_name":"direct digital synthesis","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-noise","display_name":"phase noise","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spurious-response-suppression","display_name":"spurious suppression","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/switching-speed","display_name":"switching speed","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-resolution","display_name":"frequency resolution","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-to-analog-converter","display_name":"digital-to-analog converter","score":0.8489999771118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166089067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1227465","display_name":"Direct digital synthesizer","level":5,"score":0.7205823659896851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.6707121133804321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12707504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52637","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","level":3,"score":0.6430695056915283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182099602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2660678","display_name":"Frequency synthesizer","level":4,"score":0.572059154510498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.5447311401367188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5329685211181641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146002875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074289","display_name":"Frequency multiplier","level":3,"score":0.5244296193122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.4927690327167511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.4645630419254303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74982907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455624","display_name":"Frequency divider","level":3,"score":0.459021657705307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4277762770652771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4063456356525421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.39778009057044983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2421979308128357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.13217458128929138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.12988734245300293}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/synchroinfo.2018.8457033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/synchroinfo.2018.8457033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/synchroinfo.2018.8457033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306498391","display_name":"2018Systems of Signal Synchronization, Generating and Processing in Telecommunications (SYNCHROINFO)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018Systems of Signal Synchronization, Generating and Processing in Telecommunications (SYNCHROINFO)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W154659400","https://openalex.org/W1588666042","https://openalex.org/W2060939746","https://openalex.org/W2121069259","https://openalex.org/W2129876157","https://openalex.org/W2159775163","https://openalex.org/W2285605636","https://openalex.org/W2489913106","https://openalex.org/W2532585874","https://openalex.org/W2868222802","https://openalex.org/W2994306240","https://openalex.org/W4235134811","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6634973225","https://openalex.org/W6771516779"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4379745807","https://openalex.org/W2271504542","https://openalex.org/W7096476887","https://openalex.org/W7137030396","https://openalex.org/W1975162792","https://openalex.org/W1507753084","https://openalex.org/W2119416439","https://openalex.org/W2076453620","https://openalex.org/W3217162871","https://openalex.org/W4383502051"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1,215],"discusses":[2],"the":[3,50,110,117,143],"current":[4],"state":[5],"and":[6,63,82,94,127,167,209],"development":[7,51],"trends":[8,18],"of":[9,52,100,207,236],"microwave":[10,185,245],"frequency":[11,53,72,74,202,219,246,261],"synthesizers":[12,54,220,247],"for":[13,22,49],"test-and-measurement":[14],"instruments.":[15],"The":[16,85,228],"discussed":[17],"are":[19,97,134,150,189,213,248],"also":[20,69],"applicable":[21],"other":[23,111],"synthesizer":[24,34],"types":[25,253],"used":[26],"as":[27,78,80,153,255,263,265],"modules":[28],"in":[29,146,196,244],"more":[30,194],"complex":[31,223],"systems.":[32],"Test-and-measurement":[33],"market":[35],"is":[36,55,116,231],"estimated":[37],"at":[38,184],"$300":[39],"with":[40,57,136,177,250,259],"an":[41,197],"annual":[42],"growth":[43],"rate":[44],"about":[45],"3%.A":[46],"modern":[47,218],"trend":[48],"associated":[56,135,249],"low":[58,61,128],"phase":[59,129],"noise,":[60],"spurious":[62],"fast":[64,124],"switching":[65,125],"speed.":[66],"Important":[67],"parameters":[68],"include":[70],"operating":[71],"range,":[73],"resolution,":[75],"modulation":[76,229],"capabilities":[77],"well":[79,264],"size":[81],"cost":[83],"characteristics.":[84],"main":[86],"architectures":[87,106],"based":[88],"on":[89],"direct":[90,92,113,137],"analog,":[91],"digital":[93,138,174],"indirect":[95,103],"synthesis":[96,115,139],"evaluated.":[98],"As":[99],"today,":[101],"traditional":[102],"phase-lock-loop":[104],"(PLL)":[105],"still":[107],"dominate.":[108],"On":[109],"hand,":[112],"analog":[114],"most":[118],"advanced":[119],"approach":[120],"that":[121,217],"demonstrates":[122],"extremely":[123],"speed":[126],"noise.":[130],"Nevertheless,":[131],"future":[132],"developments":[133],"(DDS)":[140],"due":[141],"to":[142],"rapid":[144],"progress":[145],"solid-state":[147],"technologies.":[148],"DDS":[149],"currently":[151],"available":[152],"special":[154],"integrated":[155],"circuits":[156],"(IC)":[157],"or":[158,193,238],"can":[159],"be":[160],"build":[161],"using":[162,191,225],"field-programmable":[163],"logic":[164],"arrays":[165],"(FPGA)":[166],"high-frequency":[168,178],"digital-to-analog":[169],"converters":[170],"(DAC).":[171],"Parallel":[172],"(multichannel)":[173],"structures":[175],"coupled":[176],"DACs":[179,195],"allow":[180,221],"generating":[181,222],"output":[182],"signals":[183,224],"frequencies.":[186],"Further":[187,242],"improvements":[188],"possible":[190],"two":[192],"interleaved":[198],"data":[199],"mode.":[200],"Wider":[201],"coverage":[203],"through":[204,234],"several":[205,240],"tens":[206],"gigahertz":[208],"lower":[210],"spur":[211],"characteristics":[212],"expected.The":[214],"notes":[216],"vector":[226],"IQ-modulation.":[227],"bandwidth":[230],"constantly":[232],"increases":[233],"hundreds":[235],"megahertz":[237],"even":[239],"gigahertz.":[241],"advances":[243],"new":[251],"reference":[252],"such":[254],"sapphire-loaded":[256],"cavity":[257],"oscillators":[258],"combined":[260],"stabilization":[262],"optoelectronic":[266],"methods.":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2018-09-27T00:00:00"}