{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2891060604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w12712","title":"A Product-Quality View of the Linder Hypothesis","display_name":"A Product-Quality View of the Linder Hypothesis","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2891060604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w12712","mag":"2891060604"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w12712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w12712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w12712","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w12712","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w12712","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084935379","display_name":"Juan Carlos Hallak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7121-3324","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7121-3324"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4064826","display_name":"University of San Andr\u00e9s","ror":"https://ror.org/04f7h3b65","country_code":"AR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4064826"]}],"countries":["AR","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Juan Carlos Hallak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics University of Michigan 351C Lorch Hall Ann Arbor , MI 48109 and","Department of Economics, Universidad de San Andr\u00e9s, and NBER"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics University of Michigan 351C Lorch Hall Ann Arbor , MI 48109 and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Universidad de San Andr\u00e9s, and NBER","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4064826"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084935379"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315","https://openalex.org/I4064826"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12428","display_name":"Global Trade and Competitiveness","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14143","display_name":"Economic and Technological Innovation","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linder-hypothesis","display_name":"Linder hypothesis","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product-quality","display_name":"product quality","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sectoral-trade","display_name":"sectoral trade","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gravity-model","display_name":"gravity model","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggregation-bias","display_name":"aggregation bias","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/per-capita-income","display_name":"per capita income","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-intensity","display_name":"trade intensity","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-trade-theory","display_name":"international trade theory","score":0.6840000152587891}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.633385419845581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992128022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5598083","display_name":"Gravity equation","level":4,"score":0.6196764707565308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.5922834277153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5677385926246643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127598652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q558635","display_name":"Per capita","level":3,"score":0.5562762022018433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.5192639827728271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.513062596321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.48711466789245605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4637829065322876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160443848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45918","display_name":"Per capita income","level":2,"score":0.4607696235179901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.45935487747192383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114350782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12638","display_name":"Gross domestic product","level":2,"score":0.4340997636318207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.21601828932762146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20262664556503296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.17253220081329346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780967403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256330","display_name":"Bilateral trade","level":3,"score":0.14535284042358398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09156578779220581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w12712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w12712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w12712","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w12712","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberwo:12712","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w12712.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w12712.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016907966","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://papers.nber.org/papers/w12712.pdf","pdf_url":"http://papers.nber.org/papers/w12712.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/49537","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/49537","pdf_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/49537","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400393","display_name":"Deep Blue (University of Michigan)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Working Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.664.8434","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.664.8434","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ipc.umich.edu/working-papers/pdfs/ipc-24-carlos-hallak%2Cproduct-quality-view-the-linder-hypothesis.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2891060604","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:nbr:nberwo:12712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3121835960","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/nber_w12712.pdf?abstractid=948174&mirid=3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w12712","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w12712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w12712","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w12712","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2891060604.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2891060604.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W180606369","https://openalex.org/W1524357370","https://openalex.org/W1531390412","https://openalex.org/W1563485600","https://openalex.org/W1567440201","https://openalex.org/W1575362361","https://openalex.org/W1604298412","https://openalex.org/W1698169592","https://openalex.org/W1752773250","https://openalex.org/W1964754400","https://openalex.org/W1965808122","https://openalex.org/W1969652086","https://openalex.org/W1976868072","https://openalex.org/W1977672641","https://openalex.org/W1981132076","https://openalex.org/W1981310049","https://openalex.org/W1990320303","https://openalex.org/W2005672090","https://openalex.org/W2044872838","https://openalex.org/W2047875540","https://openalex.org/W2065516402","https://openalex.org/W2071249181","https://openalex.org/W2082192234","https://openalex.org/W2095577528","https://openalex.org/W2109720792","https://openalex.org/W2115488037","https://openalex.org/W2118799313","https://openalex.org/W2135296617","https://openalex.org/W2138724900","https://openalex.org/W2162036811","https://openalex.org/W2891485059","https://openalex.org/W2905472553","https://openalex.org/W3007426402","https://openalex.org/W3121164625","https://openalex.org/W3121512719","https://openalex.org/W3121794982","https://openalex.org/W3122793238","https://openalex.org/W3123497274","https://openalex.org/W3123963462","https://openalex.org/W4298861189","https://openalex.org/W6629191316","https://openalex.org/W6631600749","https://openalex.org/W6652752850"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099336770","https://openalex.org/W2612404335","https://openalex.org/W2171780435","https://openalex.org/W7097664045","https://openalex.org/W2460212209","https://openalex.org/W3182303446","https://openalex.org/W6927143913","https://openalex.org/W1982478059","https://openalex.org/W2868674290","https://openalex.org/W2996624003"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Linder":[1,84,105],"hypothesis":[2,18,85,90],"states":[3],"that":[4,39,143],"countries":[5,115,129],"of":[6,48,82,113,127,130,151],"similar":[7,131],"income":[8,133],"per":[9],"capita":[10],"should":[11],"trade":[12,58,134],"more":[13,135],"intensely":[14,136],"with":[15,137],"one":[16,138],"another.This":[17],"has":[19,29],"attracted":[20],"substantial":[21],"research":[22],"over":[23],"decades,":[24],"but":[25,88],"the":[26,40,43,46,53,77,83,120,149,152],"empirical":[27,51,154],"evidence":[28],"failed":[30],"to":[31,93,156],"provide":[32],"consistent":[33],"support":[34,119,158],"for":[35,42,124,159],"it.This":[36],"paper":[37,63,140],"shows":[38,142],"reason":[41],"failure":[44,150],"is":[45,86,91,98,107],"use":[47],"an":[49],"inappropriate":[50],"benchmark,":[52],"gravity":[54],"equation":[55],"estimated":[56,109],"using":[57],"data":[59],"aggregated":[60],"across":[61],"sectors.The":[62],"builds":[64],"a":[65,101,111,144],"theoretical":[66],"framework":[67],"in":[68,71,116],"which,":[69],"as":[70,100],"Linder's":[72,160],"theory,":[73],"product":[74],"quality":[75],"plays":[76],"central":[78],"role.A":[79],"formal":[80],"derivation":[81],"obtained,":[87],"this":[89],"shown":[92],"hold":[94],"only":[95],"if":[96],"it":[97],"formulated":[99],"sector-level":[102],"prediction.The":[103],"\"sectoral":[104],"hypothesis\"":[106],"then":[108],"on":[110],"sample":[112],"64":[114],"1995.The":[117],"results":[118],"prediction:":[121],"after":[122],"controlling":[123],"inter-sectoral":[125],"determinants":[126],"trade,":[128],"per-capita":[132],"another.The":[139],"also":[141],"systematic":[145],"aggregation":[146],"bias":[147],"explains":[148],"previous":[153],"literature":[155],"find":[157],"theory.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2018-09-27T00:00:00"}