{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2890850558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2109659","title":"Black-White Earnings Over the 1970s and 1980s: Gender Differences in Trends","display_name":"Black-White Earnings Over the 1970s and 1980s: Gender Differences in Trends","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2890850558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2109659","mag":"2890850558"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/2109659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2109659","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2109659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S180061323","display_name":"The Review of Economics and Statistics","issn_l":"0034-6535","issn":["0034-6535","1530-9142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Review of Economics and Statistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039468467","display_name":"Francine D. Blau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6646-3794","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6646-3794"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francine D. Blau","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068355599","display_name":"Andrea H. Beller","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea H. Beller","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.011,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":102,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96289112,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"2","first_page":"276","last_page":"276"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13989","display_name":"Labour Market and Migration","score":0.006500000134110451,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11544","display_name":"Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-white-earnings-gap","display_name":"black-white earnings gap","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-pay-gap","display_name":"gender pay gap","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-women","display_name":"Black women","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-men","display_name":"Black men","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wage-trends","display_name":"wage trends","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earnings-trends","display_name":"earnings trends","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wage-ratio","display_name":"wage ratio","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labour-market-entrants","display_name":"labour market entrants","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-differences-in-earnings","display_name":"age differences in earnings","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/1970s-1980s","display_name":"1970s-1980s","score":0.8560000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781426361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5326940","display_name":"Earnings","level":2,"score":0.7318581342697144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.7121973633766174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5007872581481934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.44070667028427124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0975477397441864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/2109659","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2109659","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2109659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S180061323","display_name":"The Review of Economics and Statistics","issn_l":"0034-6535","issn":["0034-6535","1530-9142"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Review of Economics and Statistics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.7307999730110168},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.48510000109672546}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W223566316","https://openalex.org/W1531414731","https://openalex.org/W6944166729","https://openalex.org/W2075662585","https://openalex.org/W1547474526","https://openalex.org/W1985477646","https://openalex.org/W2790778429","https://openalex.org/W2912568215","https://openalex.org/W4392316384","https://openalex.org/W1591207832"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"uses":[2],"CPS":[3],"data":[4],"to":[5,38,63,76,98,107,140,160],"analyze":[6],"gender":[7,82],"differences":[8],"in":[9,22,55,71,158,178],"black-white":[10],"annual":[11,41,57],"earnings":[12,58,83,136,186],"trends":[13],"over":[14,33,126],"the":[15,81,119,127,143,148,155,161,173],"1970s":[16,174],"and":[17,59,124,137,175,184],"1980s.":[18,156,176],"We":[19],"find":[20],"that":[21],"at":[23],"least":[24],"two":[25],"respects":[26],"black":[27,45,49,51,67,93,112,122],"women":[28,52,125],"fared":[29],"better":[30,168],"than":[31,110,169],"men":[32,68,123],"this":[34,90],"period.":[35],"First,":[36,131],"due":[37],"decreasing":[39],"relative":[40,97,106,139],"time":[42],"inputs":[43],"for":[44,132,194],"males,":[46],"but":[47],"not":[48,166],"females,":[50],"experienced":[53],"increases":[54],"both":[56,133,180],"estimated":[60],"wages":[61,74,95,138],"compared":[62,75],"white":[64,77,99,108],"women,":[65],"while":[66,135],"gained":[69],"only":[70],"terms":[72],"of":[73,121,142],"men.":[78],"Second,":[79,157],"since":[80],"gap":[84],"among":[85],"whites":[86,141],"was":[87,129],"narrowing":[88],"during":[89,147,154,172],"time,":[91],"as":[92],"women's":[94],"rose":[96,146],"women's,":[100],"they":[101,150],"also":[102],"made":[103],"faster":[104],"progress":[105],"males":[109],"did":[111,165],"males.":[113],"In":[114],"other":[115],"important":[116],"respects,":[117],"however,":[118],"experience":[120,206],"period":[128],"similar.":[130],"groups,":[134],"same":[144],"sex":[145,192],"1970s,":[149],"stagnated":[151],"or":[152],"declined":[153],"contrast":[159],"1960s,":[162],"younger":[163],"blacks":[164,171],"fare":[167],"older":[170],"While":[177],"1971,":[179],"unadjusted":[181],"wage":[182],"ratios":[183,187,201],"adjusted":[185],"were":[188,202],"highest":[189],"within":[190],"each":[191],"group":[193],"labor":[195],"market":[196],"entrants,":[197],"by":[198],"1988":[199],"these":[200],"fairly":[203],"similar":[204],"across":[205],"groups.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-27T08:07:27.782135","created_date":"2018-09-27T00:00:00"}