{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2890670243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjy028","title":"Who Becomes an Inventor in America? The Importance of Exposure to Innovation*","display_name":"Who Becomes an Inventor in America? The Importance of Exposure to Innovation*","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2890670243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjy028","mag":"2890670243"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/qje/qjy028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjy028","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjy028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203860005","display_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics","issn_l":"0033-5533","issn":["0033-5533","1531-4650"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/101434/1/qje2019_Chetty_main.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111751518","display_name":"Alex G. Bell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Bell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051484328","display_name":"Raj Chetty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8610-8546","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8610-8546","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-4647"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Raj Chetty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University and National Bureau of Economic Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University and National Bureau of Economic Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853","https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060513804","display_name":"Xavier Jaravel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9228-2137","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9228-2137"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0090zs177","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xavier Jaravel","raw_affiliation_strings":["London School of Economics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"London School of Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017453345","display_name":"Neviana Petkova","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1300891529","display_name":"United States Department of the Treasury","ror":"https://ror.org/028t43p77","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1300891529"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neviana Petkova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Office of Tax Analysis, US Treasury"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office of Tax Analysis, US Treasury","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1300891529"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004443266","display_name":"John Michael Van Reenen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9153-2907","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9153-2907"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Van Reenen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute ot Technology and Centre for Economic Performance"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute ot Technology and Centre for Economic Performance","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051484328"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853","https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":{"value":7619,"currency":"USD","value_usd":7619},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":43.8377,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":514,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99881764,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"134","issue":"2","first_page":"647","last_page":"713"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.6366999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.6366999745368958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":0.14790000021457672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12088","display_name":"Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies","score":0.0478999987244606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inventors","display_name":"inventors","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patenting","display_name":"patenting","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-income","display_name":"household income","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-gap","display_name":"gender gap","score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-disparities","display_name":"racial disparities","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citation-impact","display_name":"citation impact","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underrepresentation-of-women","display_name":"underrepresentation of women","score":0.6430000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120452360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1773859","display_name":"Nature versus nurture","level":2,"score":0.699018120765686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.6216434240341187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5172812938690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.49129718542099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110888244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187588","display_name":"Social class","level":2,"score":0.4449978768825531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4258304834365845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.4193720519542694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.38179564476013184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.32896357774734497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.27990061044692993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.24574661254882812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2399422526359558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.22104772925376892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.1290389597415924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09950092434883118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.09268346428871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":11,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/qje/qjy028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjy028","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjy028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203860005","display_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics","issn_l":"0033-5533","issn":["0033-5533","1531-4650"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lse.ac.uk:101434","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9228-2137>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401593","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","host_organization_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp1519","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1519.pdf","pdf_url":"https://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1519.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberwo:24062","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w24062.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w24062.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.lse.ac.uk:101434","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9228-2137>,","pdf_url":"https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/101434/1/qje2019_Chetty_main.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400050","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science Theses Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","host_organization_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.lse.ac.uk:86616","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9228-2137>,","pdf_url":"https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/86616/1/dp1519.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400050","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science Theses Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","host_organization_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Working paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:12544","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.cepr.org/active/publications/discussion_papers/dp.php?dpno=12544","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ehl:lserod:101434","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/101434/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ehl:lserod:86616","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/86616/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:oup:qjecon:v:134:y:2019:i:2:p:647-713.","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1093/qje/qjy028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lse.ac.uk:86616","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9228-2137>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401593","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","host_organization_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Monograph"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.lse.ac.uk:101434","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9228-2137>,","pdf_url":"https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/101434/1/qje2019_Chetty_main.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400050","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science Theses Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","host_organization_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.428600013256073,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5450601959","display_name":"NBER Training Program in Aging and Health Economics","funder_award_id":"T32AG000186","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G989904307","display_name":"CENTRE FOR ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE 2015-2020","funder_award_id":"ES/M010341/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","funder_display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0456r8d26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306140","display_name":"Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0288es483"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308931","display_name":"U.S. Department of the Treasury","ror":"https://ror.org/028t43p77"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309622","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315936","display_name":"Washington Center for Equitable Growth","ror":"https://ror.org/05hw40m44"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03n0ht308"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","display_name":"National Institute on Aging","ror":"https://ror.org/049v75w11"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2890670243.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2890670243.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W87975348","https://openalex.org/W640809224","https://openalex.org/W1484598383","https://openalex.org/W1561438477","https://openalex.org/W1565343885","https://openalex.org/W1597928680","https://openalex.org/W1603851733","https://openalex.org/W1892336860","https://openalex.org/W1963965317","https://openalex.org/W1984288743","https://openalex.org/W1995877113","https://openalex.org/W2000716096","https://openalex.org/W2026797770","https://openalex.org/W2028763616","https://openalex.org/W2097556276","https://openalex.org/W2105584013","https://openalex.org/W2108478320","https://openalex.org/W2115391864","https://openalex.org/W2119537294","https://openalex.org/W2123440314","https://openalex.org/W2124298085","https://openalex.org/W2129385606","https://openalex.org/W2130788273","https://openalex.org/W2139564895","https://openalex.org/W2141056369","https://openalex.org/W2141996254","https://openalex.org/W2144049797","https://openalex.org/W2152667932","https://openalex.org/W2155453909","https://openalex.org/W2158550208","https://openalex.org/W2162484441","https://openalex.org/W2170736145","https://openalex.org/W2318884600","https://openalex.org/W2333102773","https://openalex.org/W2407856457","https://openalex.org/W2579088067","https://openalex.org/W2632512716","https://openalex.org/W2739137144","https://openalex.org/W2772712483","https://openalex.org/W2890708654","https://openalex.org/W2914253384","https://openalex.org/W3021983229","https://openalex.org/W3121398724","https://openalex.org/W3121722162","https://openalex.org/W3123399576","https://openalex.org/W3123464746","https://openalex.org/W3124013039","https://openalex.org/W3124939625","https://openalex.org/W3125029806","https://openalex.org/W3126041935","https://openalex.org/W4229780841","https://openalex.org/W4242275702","https://openalex.org/W4398857970","https://openalex.org/W6677924154","https://openalex.org/W6682856574"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2520133441","https://openalex.org/W7113203367","https://openalex.org/W2284560765","https://openalex.org/W2037722963","https://openalex.org/W4404931135","https://openalex.org/W2470356521","https://openalex.org/W2884537124","https://openalex.org/W2401832327","https://openalex.org/W7047314185","https://openalex.org/W2901214472"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,120],"characterize":[1],"the":[2,11,16,106,123,197,261,267],"factors":[3,251],"that":[4,42,105,129,226,252,296],"determine":[5],"who":[6,172,223,302],"becomes":[7],"an":[8,215],"inventor":[9],"in":[10,96,113,175,185,195,206,214,225,272,315],"United":[12],"States,":[13],"focusing":[14],"on":[15,28,139],"role":[17],"of":[18,45,102,125,263,269],"inventive":[19],"ability":[20],"(\u201cnature\u201d)":[21],"versus":[22],"environment":[23,114,126],"(\u201cnurture\u201d).":[24],"Using":[25],"deidentified":[26],"data":[27],"1.2":[29],"million":[30],"inventors":[31,47,78,284,289],"from":[32,66,81,322],"patent":[33,194],"records":[34],"linked":[35],"to":[36,76,118,131,142,148,159,193,204,238,313],"tax":[37],"records,":[38],"we":[39],"first":[40],"show":[41],"children's":[43,140],"chances":[44],"becoming":[46],"vary":[48],"sharply":[49],"with":[50,91,180,217,266],"characteristics":[51],"at":[52],"birth,":[53],"such":[54,244,259],"as":[55,74,79,245,260,280,285,290],"their":[56],"race,":[57],"gender,":[58],"and":[59,168,230,276,320],"parents'":[60],"socioeconomic":[61],"class.":[62,199,227],"For":[63],"example,":[64],"children":[65,90,321],"high-income":[67],"(top":[68],"1%)":[69],"families":[70,146],"are":[71,99,154,156,165,190,201,235,279,287,298],"10":[72],"times":[73],"likely":[75,158,192,203,237],"become":[77,160],"those":[80],"below-median":[82],"income":[83],"families.":[84,324],"These":[85,162,228,293],"gaps":[86,107],"persist":[87],"even":[88],"among":[89,282,288,317],"similar":[92],"math":[93],"test":[94],"scores":[95],"early":[97],"childhood-which":[98],"highly":[100,306],"predictive":[101],"innovation":[103,132,183,314],"rates-suggesting":[104],"may":[108],"be":[109,239],"driven":[110,240],"by":[111,127,241],"differences":[112],"rather":[115],"than":[116,250],"abilities":[117],"innovate.":[119],"directly":[121],"establish":[122],"importance":[124,268],"showing":[128],"exposure":[130,163,233,270],"during":[133],"childhood":[134],"has":[135],"significant":[136],"causal":[137],"effects":[138,164,234,271],"propensities":[141],"invent.":[143],"Children":[144,171],"whose":[145],"move":[147],"a":[149,176,181,186,207,291],"high-innovation":[150],"area":[151,216],"when":[152],"they":[153,211,286,310],"young":[155],"more":[157,191,202,218,236],"inventors.":[161],"technology":[166,188,231],"class":[167,189,209],"gender":[169],"specific.":[170],"grow":[173,212],"up":[174,213],"neighborhood":[177],"or":[178,247],"family":[179],"high":[182],"rate":[184],"specific":[187],"exactly":[196],"same":[198],"Girls":[200],"invent":[205,224],"particular":[208],"if":[210],"women":[219,275],"(but":[220],"not":[221],"men)":[222],"gender-":[229],"class-specific":[232],"narrow":[242],"mechanisms,":[243],"role-model":[246],"network":[248],"effects,":[249],"only":[253],"affect":[254],"general":[255],"human":[256],"capital":[257],"accumulation,":[258],"quality":[262],"schools.":[264],"Consistent":[265],"career":[273],"selection,":[274],"disadvantaged":[277],"youth":[278],"underrepresented":[281],"high-impact":[283],"whole.":[292],"findings":[294],"suggest":[295],"there":[297],"many":[299],"\u201clost":[300],"Einsteins\u201d-individuals":[301],"would":[303],"have":[304],"had":[305,309],"impactful":[307],"inventions":[308],"been":[311],"exposed":[312],"childhood-especially":[316],"women,":[318],"minorities,":[319],"low-income":[323]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":68},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":73},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":101},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":67},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":67},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2018-09-27T00:00:00"}
