{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2890300979","doi":null,"title":"Trade costs in international trade","display_name":"Trade costs in international trade","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2890300979","mag":"2890300979"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.nottingham.ac.uk:48813","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48813/1/PhD%20Thesis_Salamat%20Ali-Dec%2010.pdf","pdf_url":"https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48813/1/PhD%20Thesis_Salamat%20Ali-Dec%2010.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402014","display_name":"Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis (University of Nottingham only)"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://repository.nottingham.ac.uk/bitstreams/fd63ca3e-81bc-426f-b2f0-9def99d99f15/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103130734","display_name":"Salamat Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9067-302X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9067-302X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Salamat Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103130734"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12428","display_name":"Global Trade and Competitiveness","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14143","display_name":"Economic and Technological Innovation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-costs","display_name":"trade costs","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-trade","display_name":"international trade","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/export-structure","display_name":"export structure","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain-security","display_name":"supply chain security","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-distance","display_name":"transport distance","score":0.5210000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seaports","display_name":"seaports","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extensive-margin","display_name":"extensive margin","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-exports","display_name":"agricultural exports","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exchange-rate-pass-through","display_name":"exchange rate pass-through","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sub-saharan-africa","display_name":"sub-Saharan Africa","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-facilitation","display_name":"trade facilitation","score":0.5479999780654907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.6742432117462158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776060655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52389","display_name":"Tariff","level":2,"score":0.6240047216415405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182769425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377302","display_name":"Trade barrier","level":2,"score":0.6103713512420654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.6024170517921448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778031670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7692323","display_name":"Technical barriers to trade","level":3,"score":0.4902108311653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140413371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q572564","display_name":"Commercial policy","level":2,"score":0.4870803654193878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90924733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5335686","display_name":"International free trade agreement","level":3,"score":0.48156097531318665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.43835288286209106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C506295513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729438","display_name":"Economic integration","level":2,"score":0.43455174565315247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.4202099144458771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4196488857269287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.08168473839759827}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.nottingham.ac.uk:48813","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48813/1/PhD%20Thesis_Salamat%20Ali-Dec%2010.pdf","pdf_url":"https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48813/1/PhD%20Thesis_Salamat%20Ali-Dec%2010.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402014","display_name":"Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis (University of Nottingham only)"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.nottingham.ac.uk:123456789/27471","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.nottingham.ac.uk/handle/123456789/27471","pdf_url":"https://repository.nottingham.ac.uk/bitstreams/fd63ca3e-81bc-426f-b2f0-9def99d99f15/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402014","display_name":"Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"ethesis"},{"id":"mag:2890300979","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48813/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.nottingham.ac.uk:123456789/27471","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.nottingham.ac.uk/handle/123456789/27471","pdf_url":"https://repository.nottingham.ac.uk/bitstreams/fd63ca3e-81bc-426f-b2f0-9def99d99f15/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402014","display_name":"Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"ethesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2890300979.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2890300979.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2267308864","https://openalex.org/W2145122139","https://openalex.org/W3125650554","https://openalex.org/W3122495259","https://openalex.org/W3204724224","https://openalex.org/W7128752169","https://openalex.org/W3124435156","https://openalex.org/W149698488","https://openalex.org/W7100109879","https://openalex.org/W769956894"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,170],"thesis":[1,129,171],"explores":[2,65],"the":[3,39,42,46,51,57,66,75,85,95,105,119,155,165,180,193,198,206,223,268,280,284,303,310,318,322,332,357,415,418,430,437,441,449,457,474,479,485,494,539,555,587,600,617,635,641,649],"effects":[4,97,120,344,385,420,589],"of":[5,23,33,59,68,77,87,89,98,107,114,121,137,200,219,253,256,270,317,342,345,360,371,398,421,424,443,445,481,487,502,507,575,583,590,604,637,651],"trade":[6,10,24,28,54,109,141,157,194,211,234,245,254,351,387,543,551,562,601,611,642],"costs":[7,25,55,72,158,195,544],"on":[8,18,81,104,125,260,289,350],"international":[9,101,150,348,372,403,438],"at":[11,30,41,186,330],"macro":[12,188],"and":[13,20,44,56,63,100,111,139,164,182,242,313,347,400,465,469,505,529,554,580,608],"micro":[14],"levels.":[15],"It":[16,48,146],"focuses":[17],"traditional":[19],"non-traditional":[21],"sources":[22],"that":[26,205,266,293,356,370,456],"imped":[27],"flows":[29,110,352,612],"various":[31,299],"phases":[32],"a":[34,187,215,630],"typical":[35],"export":[36,319,378,503,584],"shipment:":[37],"behind":[38],"borders,":[40],"borders":[43],"beyond":[45],"borders.":[47,615],"initially":[49],"examines":[50],"connection":[52],"between":[53],"composition":[58,199],"developing":[60,201],"countries\u2019":[61],"exports":[62,138,203,221,262,278,392,447,548,639],"then":[64],"responses":[67,515],"firms":[69,83,292,399,577],"to":[70,177,279,283,296,302,337,363,377,413,448,569,592,595,621,633],"additional":[71],"associated":[73],"with":[74,309,648],"security":[76,258],"supply":[78,596],"chain":[79,597],"imposed":[80],"Pakistan\u2019s":[82,261,277,291],"in":[84,204,209,222,411,473,496,560,624],"wake":[86],"events":[88],"9/11.":[90],"Following":[91],"this,":[92],"it":[93,117],"investigates":[94],"differential":[96,343],"domestic":[99,346,458,626],"transportation":[102],"distance":[103,362,373,390,404,425],"reactions":[106],"firm-level":[108],"multiple":[112],"margins":[113,396,467,498],"trade.":[115],"Finally,":[116,440,616],"considers":[118],"exchange":[122,450,525],"rate":[123,451,526],"movement":[124,452],"agricultural":[126,446,638],"exports.":[127,226],"The":[128,184,227,251,325,340,471],"primarily":[130,393],"uses":[131],"micro-level":[132],"information":[133],"from":[134,144,149,298,374,538,549],"administrative":[135],"datasets":[136],"intra-country":[140],"(VAT":[142],"dataset)":[143],"Pakistan.":[145],"also":[147],"benefits":[148],"data":[151],"sources,":[152],"such":[153],"as":[154,239,629,640],"WB-UNESCAP":[156],"dataset,":[159],"WITS,":[160],"WTO":[161],"tariff":[162],"profiles":[163],"World":[166],"Development":[167],"Indicators":[168],"(WDI).":[169],"comprises":[172],"four":[173],"core":[174],"chapters":[175],"(2":[176],"5),":[178],"excluding":[179],"introduction":[181],"conclusion.":[183],"analysis":[185],"level":[189,650],"(Chapter":[190,263,353,453],"2)":[191],"finds":[192],"negatively":[196],"affect":[197],"countries":[202,213],"industries":[207,237],"located":[208],"higher":[210],"cost":[212,235,246,552,563],"gain":[214],"relative":[216,282],"smaller":[217,491],"share":[218],"manufactured":[220],"country\u2019s":[224],"overall":[225],"effect":[228,255,336,359],"is":[229,366,489],"relatively":[230,434,490],"greater":[231,435],"for":[232,243,436],"high":[233,244,550,561],"sensitive":[236,564],"(such":[238],"automobiles,":[240],"electronics)":[241],"regions,":[247,553],"especially":[248],"Sub-Saharan":[249],"Africa.":[250],"evaluation":[252],"US":[257,281],"policy":[259,327,535,618,631],"3)":[264],"shows":[265],"following":[267],"implementation":[269],"Integrated":[271],"Cargo":[272],"Containers":[273],"Control":[274],"(IC3)":[275],"programme,":[276],"EU":[285],"dropped":[286],"by":[287],"15%,":[288],"average.":[290],"were":[294],"forced":[295],"switch":[297],"export-processing":[300],"stations":[301],"one":[304],"specific":[305],"sea":[306,364,375],"port":[307],"equipped":[308],"intrusive":[311],"scanning":[312,606],"live":[314],"monitoring":[315],"technologies":[316,607],"cargos,":[320],"experienced":[321],"largest":[323],"decline.":[324],"subsequent":[326],"interventions":[328],"aimed":[329],"facilitating":[331,602],"process":[333],"moderated":[334],"this":[335],"some":[338],"extent.":[339],"examination":[341],"distances":[349,382],"4)":[354],"reveals":[355],"marginal":[358],"inland":[361],"ports":[365,376],"much":[367],"larger":[368,559],"than":[369],"markets.":[379,513],"Moreover,":[380],"both":[381,422,463],"have":[383,426],"heterogeneous":[384],"along":[386],"margins.":[388],"Domestic":[389],"impedes":[391],"through":[394,408,478,500],"extensive":[395,466,497],"(EM)":[397],"product,":[401],"whereas":[402,484],"restricts":[405],"these":[406,605],"mainly":[407,477],"quantity":[409],"margins,":[410],"addition":[412],"constricting":[414],"EM.":[416],"Although":[417],"trade-impeding":[419],"components":[423],"reduced":[427],"over":[428],"time,":[429],"drop":[431],"has":[432],"been":[433],"leg.":[439],"investigation":[442],"response":[444,486,556,591,643],"5)":[454],"indicates":[455],"currency":[459,531,627],"depreciation":[460,628],"positively":[461],"affects":[462],"intensive":[464],"(IM":[468],"EM).":[470],"increase":[472,495,546],"IM":[475],"operates":[476,499],"channel":[480],"prices":[482],"(75%),":[483],"quantities":[488],"(25%).":[492],"Similarly,":[493],"widening":[501,582],"basket":[504],"expansion":[506],"firms\u2019":[508,522],"client":[509],"base":[510],"within":[511],"existing":[512],"These":[514],"however":[516],"vary":[517],"widely":[518],"across":[519,613],"products,":[520],"markets,":[521],"exporting":[523,579],"experience,":[524],"regimes":[527],"type":[528],"invoicing":[530],"use.":[532],"Four":[533],"key":[534],"implications":[536],"emerge":[537],"thesis.":[540],"First,":[541],"reducing":[542],"could":[545,572,598],"manufacturing":[547],"would":[557],"be":[558,622,646],"industries.":[565],"Second,":[566],"improving":[567],"access":[568],"trade-processing":[570],"infrastructure":[571],"incentivise":[573],"entry":[574],"more":[576],"into":[578],"encourage":[581],"basket.":[585],"Third,":[586],"unintended":[588],"potential":[593],"threats":[594],"offset":[599],"aspect":[603],"further":[609],"restrict":[610],"national":[614],"makers":[619],"need":[620],"cautious":[623],"using":[625],"tool":[632],"promote":[634],"growth":[636],"might":[644],"not":[645],"commensurate":[647],"depreciation.":[652]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2018-09-27T00:00:00"}
