{"id":"https://openalex.org/W288995997","doi":null,"title":"Why Don't Entrepreneurial Firms Internationalize More?","display_name":"Why Don't Entrepreneurial Firms Internationalize More?","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W288995997","mag":"288995997"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:288995997","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-188064187/why-don-t-entrepreneurial-firms-internationalize-more","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764850994","display_name":"Journal of managerial issues","issn_l":"1045-3695","issn":["1045-3695"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316206","host_organization_name":"Pittsburg State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316206"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pittsburg State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of managerial issues","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012944015","display_name":"J. B. Arbaugh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9765-6545","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9765-6545"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. B. Arbaugh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9765-6545","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112290933","display_name":"S. Michael Camp","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Michael Camp","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049648265","display_name":"Larry W. Cox","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Larry W. Cox","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0577,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94565028,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":"366","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entrepreneurial-firms","display_name":"entrepreneurial firms","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internationalization","display_name":"internationalization","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/barriers-to-internationalization","display_name":"barriers to internationalization","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-perception","display_name":"risk perception","score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-size","display_name":"organizational size","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uppsala-model","display_name":"Uppsala model","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wealth-creation","display_name":"wealth creation","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-growth","display_name":"business growth","score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-flexibility","display_name":"organizational flexibility","score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-adaptability","display_name":"organizational adaptability","score":0.41100001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-resilience","display_name":"organizational resilience","score":0.3490000069141388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97509610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3141064","display_name":"Internationalization","level":2,"score":0.8493595123291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.7666423320770264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2119116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7181","display_name":"Globalization","level":2,"score":0.5639075636863708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.43665772676467896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84309077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3908516","display_name":"Entrepreneurship","level":2,"score":0.43256497383117676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.40952402353286743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3850528299808502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.34684306383132935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.20878654718399048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.12920162081718445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:288995997","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-188064187/why-don-t-entrepreneurial-firms-internationalize-more","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764850994","display_name":"Journal of managerial issues","issn_l":"1045-3695","issn":["1045-3695"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316206","host_organization_name":"Pittsburg State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316206"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pittsburg State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of managerial issues","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8520833","https://openalex.org/W10057299","https://openalex.org/W172317048","https://openalex.org/W263589322","https://openalex.org/W330666753","https://openalex.org/W349486889","https://openalex.org/W1587424769","https://openalex.org/W1877403214","https://openalex.org/W1967684488","https://openalex.org/W1989104597","https://openalex.org/W1990631438","https://openalex.org/W2016122959","https://openalex.org/W2020032534","https://openalex.org/W2022409021","https://openalex.org/W2028113070","https://openalex.org/W2045426908","https://openalex.org/W2046914737","https://openalex.org/W2064745061","https://openalex.org/W2074784020","https://openalex.org/W2077368910","https://openalex.org/W2082006326","https://openalex.org/W2084686972","https://openalex.org/W2088249224","https://openalex.org/W2105244806","https://openalex.org/W2116006659","https://openalex.org/W2136709710","https://openalex.org/W2139786747","https://openalex.org/W2155619696","https://openalex.org/W2170307942","https://openalex.org/W2264028157","https://openalex.org/W2611731537","https://openalex.org/W3036021106","https://openalex.org/W3123693147","https://openalex.org/W3141532068","https://openalex.org/W3152972945"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W165988444","https://openalex.org/W1489783900","https://openalex.org/W7057547925","https://openalex.org/W2082284503","https://openalex.org/W6890232776","https://openalex.org/W2205349134","https://openalex.org/W2115365800","https://openalex.org/W4388731777","https://openalex.org/W2358952427","https://openalex.org/W1633921545"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,176,269,469,506],"area":[1],"of":[2,13,39,44,50,67,74,88,91,127,186,230,271,302,345,389,413,431,446,455,471,503,518,537],"international":[198],"entrepreneurship":[323],"has":[5,79,122,273],"received":[6,80],"significant":[7,452],"scholarly":[8],"attention":[9],"with":[10],"the":[11,18,37,48,65,72,89,96,99,125,183,218,238,328,343,346,428,442,472,480,487,501,504,525,535],"development":[12],"strong":[14],"conceptual":[15],"models":[16,35],"during":[17],"last":[19],"decade":[20],"(e.g.,":[21],"McDougall":[22,355],"and":[23,31,41,55,60,113,130,133,149,173,190,241,319,330,336,352,356,400,449,490,546,552],"Oviatt,":[24,357],"2000;":[25],"DeClercq":[26],"et":[27,136,161,311,315,369,373,377],"al.,":[28,137,162,312,316,370,374,378],"2005;":[29,309,371],"Zahra":[30,376],"George,":[32],"2002).":[33,163],"These":[34],"consider":[36],"impact":[38],"organizational":[40],"environmental":[42],"characteristics":[43],"entrepreneurial":[45,106,278,283,347,415,433,495],"firms":[46,77,107,156,195,213,225,254,361,416],"on":[47,486],"patterns":[49],"internationalization,":[51,259,456],"wealth":[52,292],"creation,":[53],"survival,":[54],"growth.":[56],"However,":[57],"while":[58,327],"internationalization":[221],"its":[61],"consequences":[62],"have":[63,205],"been":[64],"focus":[66],"extensive":[68],"research":[69,324,381],"(Werner,":[70],"2002),":[71],"question":[73],"Why":[75],"don't":[76],"internationalize?":[78],"much":[81],"less":[82],"attention.":[83],"Considering":[84],"that":[85,101,124,194,224,326,382,441,511],"in":[86,167,182,232,258],"spite":[87],"march":[90],"globalization":[92],"often":[93],"trumpeted":[94],"by":[95,297,409],"business":[97],"press,":[98],"fact":[100],"most":[102,432,507],"high-performing":[103],"North":[104],"American":[105],"still":[108],"are":[109,139,170,362,514],"domestically":[110],"oriented":[111],"(Cox":[112],"Camp,":[114],"2001)":[115,138],"makes":[116],"this":[117,168,252,387,425],"an":[118,282],"interesting":[119,541],"question.":[120],"Research":[121],"concluded":[123],"lack":[126],"age":[128],"(Oviatt":[129],"McDougall,":[131],"1994)":[132],"size":[134],"(Westhead":[135],"no":[140],"longer":[141],"reasons":[142,155],"for":[143,277,332,386,407,494,543,550],"not":[144,158,215,227,466],"pursuing":[145,333],"internationalization.":[146],"Therefore,":[147,380],"perceptual":[148],"experiential":[150],"factors":[151,166],"may":[152,255],"be":[153,256,340,393],"primary":[154],"do":[157,226],"internationalize":[159,228],"(Manlova":[160],"Two":[164],"possible":[165,384,405],"stream":[169],"domestic":[177],"success":[178],"entry":[174,402,444],"barriers.":[175],"argument,":[179,253],"inherently":[180],"assumed":[181],"Uppsala":[184],"model":[185],"firm":[187,284,434,461,496],"(Johanson":[189],"Vahlne,":[191],"1977),":[192],"suggests":[193,223,325],"will":[196,214,339],"pursue":[197],"activities":[199,337],"only":[200],"when":[201],"their":[202],"markets":[204,329],"matured.":[206],"If":[207],"there":[208],"is":[209,288,474,510,521],"abundant":[210],"opportunity,":[212],"internationalize.":[216],"Conversely,":[217],"barriers":[403,445,492,513],"to":[220,251,290,304,392,423,437],"argument":[222],"because":[229],"differences":[231,448],"knowledge":[233],"and/or":[234,244],"national":[235],"cultures":[236],"between":[237],"headquarters":[239],"country":[240,350],"other":[242],"countries,":[243,419],"perceived":[245,261,401,443],"financial":[246],"or":[247],"economic":[248,295],"risks.":[249],"According":[250],"interested":[257],"but":[260],"external":[262],"hurdles":[263],"discourage":[264],"them":[265],"from":[266,417],"doing":[267],"so.":[268],"issue":[270],"become":[274],"increasingly":[275,338],"relevant":[276],"firms.":[279],"We":[280,439],"define":[281],"as":[285,404],"one":[286],"which":[287],"designed":[289],"create":[291],"through":[293],"new":[294],"activity":[296],"bringing":[298],"together":[299],"unique":[300],"packages":[301],"resources":[303,331],"exploit":[305],"marketplace":[306],"opportunities":[307,335],"(Davidsson,":[308],"Davidsson":[310],"2002;":[313],"Ireland":[314],"2001;":[317],"Shane":[318],"Venkataraman,":[320],"2000).":[321,379],"Recent":[322],"these":[334],"located":[341],"beyond":[342,427],"borders":[344],"firm's":[348],"home":[349],"(Lechner":[351],"Dowling,":[353],"2003;":[354],"2000),":[358],"relatively":[359],"few":[360],"growing":[363],"domestically,":[364],"let":[365],"alone":[366],"internationally":[367],"(Barringer":[368],"Gilbert":[372],"2006;":[375],"investigates":[383],"explanations":[385,406],"state":[388],"affairs":[390],"appears":[391],"warranted.":[394],"This":[395],"study":[396],"considers":[397],"non-internationalization":[519],"studying":[410],"a":[411,467,515],"sample":[412],"872":[414],"17":[418],"thereby":[420],"providing":[421],"opportunity":[422],"extend":[424],"work":[426,536],"U.S.-centric":[429],"orientation":[430],"studies":[436],"date.":[438],"found":[440],"cultural":[447,491,512],"risk":[450],"were":[451],"negative":[453],"predictors":[454],"whereas":[457],"success,":[459],"including":[460],"growth":[462],"rates,":[463],"generally":[464],"was":[465],"predictor.":[468],"remainder":[470],"article":[473],"divided":[475],"into":[476],"three":[477],"sections.":[478],"In":[479,524],"next":[481],"section,":[482,527],"we":[483,499,528],"review":[484],"literature":[485],"arguments":[493],"non-internationalization.":[497],"Then,":[498],"report":[500],"results":[502],"study.":[505],"noteworthy":[508],"result":[509],"stronger":[516],"predictor":[517],"than":[520],"success.":[523],"final":[526],"describe":[529],"how":[530],"our":[531],"findings":[532],"build":[533],"upon":[534],"previous":[538],"literature,":[539],"identify":[540],"directions":[542],"future":[544],"research,":[545],"discuss":[547],"potential":[548],"implications":[549],"entrepreneurs":[551],"public":[553],"policy":[554],"makers.":[555],"\u2026":[556]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
