{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2889173463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/amep.s171328","title":"The efficacy of self-directed learning versus problem-based learning for teaching and learning ophthalmology: a comparative study","display_name":"The efficacy of self-directed learning versus problem-based learning for teaching and learning ophthalmology: a comparative study","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2889173463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/amep.s171328","mag":"2889173463","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30233269","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6129018"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2147/amep.s171328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/amep.s171328","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/amep.s171328","pdf_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/getfile.php?fileID=44125","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765062736","display_name":"Advances in Medical Education and Practice","issn_l":"1179-7258","issn":["1179-7258"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320348","host_organization_name":"Dove Medical Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320348","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Dove Medical Press","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Medical Education and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/getfile.php?fileID=44125","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067314789","display_name":"Ihab Shafek Atta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8538-7894","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8538-7894"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184834183","display_name":"Al-Azhar University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fnp1145","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184834183"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ihab Atta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia, Ihab.bassyouny@azhar.edu.eg","Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit Branch, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt, Ihab.bassyouny@azhar.edu.eg","Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia","Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit Branch, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia, Ihab.bassyouny@azhar.edu.eg","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit Branch, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt, Ihab.bassyouny@azhar.edu.eg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184834183"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit Branch, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184834183"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017779314","display_name":"Ali Al-Ghamdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0426-9237","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0426-9237"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Alghamdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067314789"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184834183"],"apc_list":{"value":2320,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2320},"apc_paid":{"value":2320,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2320},"fwci":11.3732,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9820257,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"Volume 9","issue":null,"first_page":"623","last_page":"630"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11299","display_name":"Problem and Project Based Learning","score":0.8574000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11299","display_name":"Problem and Project Based Learning","score":0.8574000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.13109999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14384","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Health Research","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-directed-learning","display_name":"self-directed learning","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-based-learning","display_name":"problem-based learning","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology-education","display_name":"ophthalmology education","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-students","display_name":"medical students","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/case-based-scenarios","display_name":"case-based scenarios","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lifelong-learning","display_name":"lifelong learning","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-group-discussion","display_name":"small group discussion","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teaching-methods-comparison","display_name":"teaching methods comparison","score":0.5870000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060990","display_name":"Problem-based learning","level":2,"score":0.6474776268005371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5584450364112854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.5156070590019226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205096519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207650","display_name":"Autodidacticism","level":2,"score":0.4326440691947937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.36439162492752075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.34178224205970764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.31311899423599243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.24389174580574036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2147/amep.s171328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/amep.s171328","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/amep.s171328","pdf_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/getfile.php?fileID=44125","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765062736","display_name":"Advances in Medical Education and Practice","issn_l":"1179-7258","issn":["1179-7258"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320348","host_organization_name":"Dove Medical Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320348","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Dove Medical Press","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Medical Education and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5092195","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6129018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6129018","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6129018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Adv Med Educ Pract","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:30233269","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30233269","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in medical education and practice","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dovepress.com/40292","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/the-efficacy-of-self-directed-learning-versus-problem-based-learning-f-peer-reviewed-article-AMEP","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401012","display_name":"Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2147/amep.s171328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2147/amep.s171328","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/amep.s171328","pdf_url":"https://www.dovepress.com/getfile.php?fileID=44125","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765062736","display_name":"Advances in Medical Education and Practice","issn_l":"1179-7258","issn":["1179-7258"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320348","host_organization_name":"Dove Medical Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320348","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Dove Medical Press","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Medical Education and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.9901999831199646,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8560000061988831,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2889173463.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2889173463.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W76111698","https://openalex.org/W567165116","https://openalex.org/W1799214817","https://openalex.org/W1966652573","https://openalex.org/W1968264362","https://openalex.org/W1968500329","https://openalex.org/W1970882661","https://openalex.org/W1972937131","https://openalex.org/W1979058212","https://openalex.org/W1981517542","https://openalex.org/W2029906415","https://openalex.org/W2040078147","https://openalex.org/W2065937163","https://openalex.org/W2072229000","https://openalex.org/W2078091613","https://openalex.org/W2094574123","https://openalex.org/W2096734430","https://openalex.org/W2109333201","https://openalex.org/W2115662390","https://openalex.org/W2118414669","https://openalex.org/W2119754555","https://openalex.org/W2121303951","https://openalex.org/W2128867078","https://openalex.org/W2135063888","https://openalex.org/W2144042080","https://openalex.org/W2148680280","https://openalex.org/W2150853818","https://openalex.org/W2153822440","https://openalex.org/W2160206520","https://openalex.org/W2160485643","https://openalex.org/W2164962231","https://openalex.org/W2549639630","https://openalex.org/W2782462795","https://openalex.org/W2796422983","https://openalex.org/W2953659658","https://openalex.org/W3033489064","https://openalex.org/W4234145727","https://openalex.org/W4256687295","https://openalex.org/W4360795077","https://openalex.org/W6605188435"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387315556","https://openalex.org/W2736257238","https://openalex.org/W4366526261","https://openalex.org/W2778037317","https://openalex.org/W76111698","https://openalex.org/W2363912319","https://openalex.org/W2376133628","https://openalex.org/W7151370502","https://openalex.org/W2926260589","https://openalex.org/W2274312310"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Self-directed":[1],"learning":[2,6,14],"(SDL)":[3],"and":[4,83,107,111,136,146,173,194,204,220,237,268],"problem-based":[5],"(PBL)":[7],"are":[8,300],"fundamental":[9],"tools":[10,318],"to":[11,38,283,305],"achieve":[12],"lifelong":[13,315],"in":[15,25,48,63,116,239,293],"an":[16,45,64,121,154],"integrated":[17],"medical":[18,60],"curriculum.":[19],"However,":[20],"the":[21,35,40,95,98,117,127,131,134,161,182,185,189,192,214,233,240,263,269],"efficacy":[22],"of":[23,34,42,97,130,138,181,188,196,266,272,289],"SDL":[24,43,67,106,128,186,236,251,264,281],"some":[26],"clinical":[27],"courses":[28,255],"is":[29],"debated.":[30],"Aim:":[31],"The":[32],"aim":[33],"study":[36,55],"was":[37,56,87],"measure":[39],"effectiveness":[41],"for":[44,89,104,168,176,235,253,287,303],"ophthalmology":[46,65,132,241,267],"course":[47,86,119,242],"comparison":[49,90],"with":[50,58,308],"PBL.":[51],"Methods:":[52],"A":[53],"cross-sectional":[54],"conducted":[57],"fifth-year":[59],"students":[61,139,197,304],"enrolled":[62],"course.":[66],"comprised":[68,77],"four":[69],"case-based":[70],"scenarios":[71],"guided":[72],"by":[73,120,297],"several":[74],"questions.":[75],"PBL":[76,108,162,215,238,270],"three":[78],"sessions.":[79],"An":[80],"ear,":[81],"nose,":[82],"throat":[84],"(ENT)":[85],"selected":[88],"as":[91,247,249],"a":[92],"control.":[93],"At":[94],"end":[96],"course,":[99,133,191],"30":[100],"multiple-choice":[101],"questions":[102],"(MCQs)":[103],"both":[105,254],"were":[109,158,166,211,225,230,278],"assessed":[110],"analyzed":[112],"against":[113],"their":[114],"counterparts":[115],"ENT":[118,190,273],"independent":[122],"t":[123],"-test.":[124],"Results:":[125],"For":[126,160,184,213],"component":[129,187],"number":[135,193],"percentages":[137,195],"attaining":[140,198],"high":[141,164,199,217],"(n":[142,148,170,178,200,206],"=":[143,149,171,179,201,207,245,258,276],"6/60,":[144],"10%)":[145],"moderate":[147,174,205,221],"15/60,":[150],"28.3%)":[151,209],"scores":[152,165,175,210,224],"on":[153],"MCQs":[155],"written":[156],"exam":[157],"evaluated.":[159],"component,":[163,216],"seen":[167],"23.3%":[169],"14/60),":[172],"33.3%":[177],"20/60)":[180],"participants.":[183],"14/60,":[202],"23.3%)":[203],"17/60,":[208],"recorded.":[212,226],"(16/60,":[218],"26.6%)":[219],"(17/60,":[222],"28%)":[223],"Significant":[227],"p":[228,244,257,275],"-values":[229],"obtained":[231],"between":[232,250,262],"results":[234,252,265,271],"(":[243,256,274],"0.009),":[246],"well":[248],"0.0308).":[259],"Moreover,":[260],"differences":[261],"0.0372)":[277],"significant.":[279],"Conclusion:":[280],"appears":[282],"be":[284],"less":[285],"valuable":[286],"promotion":[288],"self-readiness.":[290],"Periodic":[291],"discussions":[292],"small":[294],"groups":[295],"or":[296],"panel":[298],"discussion":[299],"strongly":[301],"recommended":[302],"enhance":[306],"readiness":[307],"SDL.":[309],"Keywords:":[310],"SDL,":[311],"PBL,":[312],"ophthalmology,":[313],"ENT,":[314],"learning,":[316],"teaching":[317]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2018-09-07T00:00:00"}
