{"id":"https://openalex.org/W288723840","doi":null,"title":"Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Multitrait-Multimethod Data To Assess the Psychometrical Equivalence of 4-Point and 6-Point Likert-Type Scales.","display_name":"Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Multitrait-Multimethod Data To Assess the Psychometrical Equivalence of 4-Point and 6-Point Likert-Type Scales.","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W288723840","mag":"288723840"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:288723840","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED358119.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032703538","display_name":"Lei Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6457-0254","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6457-0254"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6457-0254","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032703538"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13309","display_name":"Reliability and Agreement in Measurement","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11539","display_name":"Survey Methodology and Nonresponse","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/likert-scale","display_name":"Likert scale","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometric-equivalence","display_name":"psychometric equivalence","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-statistics","display_name":"reliability statistics","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/validity","display_name":"validity","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/method-variance","display_name":"method variance","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graduate-students","display_name":"graduate students","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-model","display_name":"measurement model","score":0.49000000953674316}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105776082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617473","display_name":"Likert scale","level":2,"score":0.8262554407119751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40722632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5160137","display_name":"Confirmatory factor analysis","level":3,"score":0.7487068176269531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6077466011047363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5654716491699219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171606756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506132","display_name":"Psychometrics","level":2,"score":0.5460299849510193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.51903235912323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.5159995555877686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106906290","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140909","display_name":"Cronbach's alpha","level":3,"score":0.45798221230506897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116211729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5372350","display_name":"Test validity","level":3,"score":0.43067947030067444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3691287636756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.32133352756500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.25479698181152344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.25423097610473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:288723840","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED358119.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964395484","https://openalex.org/W1969339685","https://openalex.org/W1972655304","https://openalex.org/W1973554919","https://openalex.org/W1977213233","https://openalex.org/W1977631101","https://openalex.org/W1984334684","https://openalex.org/W1985442257","https://openalex.org/W1990353311","https://openalex.org/W2042340427","https://openalex.org/W2046383986","https://openalex.org/W2057595735","https://openalex.org/W2075091226","https://openalex.org/W2095516997","https://openalex.org/W2131994649","https://openalex.org/W2149608872"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2023727185","https://openalex.org/W4392825051","https://openalex.org/W2002621796","https://openalex.org/W3100378955","https://openalex.org/W2801344499","https://openalex.org/W1967280757","https://openalex.org/W6949805319","https://openalex.org/W7216601172","https://openalex.org/W2005597724","https://openalex.org/W2014496048"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Equivalence":[0,180],"in":[1,83,128,233],"reliability":[2,87],"and":[3,7,42,88,183,195],"validity":[4,89],"across":[5],"4-point":[6,98,102],"6-point":[8,92,113],"scales":[9],"was":[10,71,104],"assessed":[11],"by":[12,151],"fitting":[13],"different":[14],"measurement":[15,117],"models":[16],"through":[17],"confirmatory":[18],"factor":[19],"analysis":[20],"of":[21,39,45,58,68,74,86,119,131,173,181,192,228,249,252],"a":[22],"multitrait-multimethod":[23],"covariance":[24],"matrix.":[25],"Responses":[26],"to":[27,32,66,106,126,136,176,223],"nine":[28],"Likert-type":[29,165],"items":[30],"designed":[31],"measure":[33],"perceived":[34],"quantitative":[35,40,46],"ability,":[36],"self-perceived":[37],"usefulness":[38],"methodology,":[41],"researcn":[43],"values":[44],"methodology":[47],"were":[48],"obtained":[49],"from":[50,78,160,210],"112":[51],"graduate":[52],"education":[53],"students":[54],"at":[55],"the":[56,91,97,101,112,116,120,129,154,161,178,211],"University":[57,251],"Central":[59,253],"Florida":[60,254],"(Orlando).":[61],"Systematic":[62],"method":[63],"variance":[64,77,81],"due":[65],"numbers":[67],"scale":[69,93,103,114,132,166],"points":[70,167],"identified.":[72],"Separation":[73],"this":[75,234],"systematic":[76],"true":[79],"score":[80],"resulted":[82],"greater":[84],"reduction":[85],"for":[90,96,139],"than":[94,111],"that":[95,123,156],"scale.":[99],"Overall,":[100],"found":[105],"have":[107,220],"better":[108],"psychometric":[109],"properties":[110],"given":[115],"conditions":[118],"study.":[121],"Factors":[122],"are":[124,134,153],"speculated":[125],"intervene":[127],"behavior":[130],"options":[133],"discussed":[135],"provide":[137],"directions":[138],"further":[140],"research.":[141],"Nine":[142],"tables":[143],"present":[144],"study":[145],"findings.":[146],"(Author/SLD)":[147],"*******************************************.****************************":[148],"Reproductions":[149],"supplied":[150],"EDRS":[152],"best":[155],"can":[157],"be":[158],"made":[159,222],"original":[162],"document.":[163],"***********************************************************************":[164],"1":[168],"Using":[169],"Confirmatory":[170],"Factor":[171],"Analysis":[172],"Multitrait-Multimethod":[174],"Data":[175],"Assess":[177],"Psychometrical":[179],"4-Point":[182],"6-Point":[184],"Likert-Type":[185],"Scales":[186],"U.S.":[187],"DEPARTMENT":[188],"OF":[189],"EDUCATION":[190],"Office":[191],"Educational":[193],"Research":[194],"Improvement":[196],"EDU":[197],"AT1ONAL":[198],"RESOURCES":[199],"INFORMATION":[200],"CENTER":[201],"(ERIC)":[202],"Ms":[203],"document":[204],"has":[205],"been":[206,221],"reproduced":[207],"as":[208],"received":[209],"person":[212],"or":[213,230,244],"organization":[214],"originating":[215],"it":[216],"C":[217],"Minor":[218],"changes":[219],"improve":[224],"reproduction":[225],"quality":[226],"Points":[227],"view":[229],"opinions":[231],"slated":[232],"docu":[235],"ment":[236],"do":[237],"not":[238],"necessarily":[239],"represent":[240],"official":[241],"OERI":[242],"position":[243],"policy":[245],"Lei":[246],"Chang":[247],"College":[248],"Education":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-03T13:16:28.481748","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
