{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2883419136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met8080568","title":"Another Approach to Characterize Particle Distribution during Surface Composite Fabrication Using Friction Stir Processing","display_name":"Another Approach to Characterize Particle Distribution during Surface Composite Fabrication Using Friction Stir Processing","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-07-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2883419136","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met8080568","mag":"2883419136"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/met8080568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met8080568","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8080568","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/8/8/568/pdf?version=1532439431","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210208383","display_name":"Metals","issn_l":"2075-4701","issn":["2075-4701"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Metals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/8/8/568/pdf?version=1532439431","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062907993","display_name":"Namrata Gangil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6627-4977","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6627-4977"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36090812","display_name":"Netaji Subhas University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01fczmh85","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36090812"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Namrata Gangil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Manufacturing Processes and Automation Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110078, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Manufacturing Processes and Automation Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110078, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36090812"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113882894","display_name":"Sachin Maheshwari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3992-7711","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3992-7711"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36090812","display_name":"Netaji Subhas University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01fczmh85","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36090812"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sachin Maheshwari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Manufacturing Processes and Automation Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110078, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Manufacturing Processes and Automation Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110078, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36090812"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088907972","display_name":"Emad Abouel Nasr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6967-7747","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6967-7747"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84058292","display_name":"Helwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00h55v928","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84058292"]}],"countries":["EG","SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Emad Abouel Nasr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia","Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo 11792, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6967-7747","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo 11792, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84058292"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082997589","display_name":"Abdulaziz Mohammed El-Tamimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8137-1302","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8137-1302"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulaziz M. El-Tamimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107967373","display_name":"Mohammed El\u2010Meligy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9399-6872","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9399-6872"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed A. El-Meligy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Manufacturing Institute, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Manufacturing Institute, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084284389","display_name":"Arshad Noor Siddiquee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3573-8385","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3573-8385"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59475050","display_name":"Jamia Millia Islamia","ror":"https://ror.org/00pnhhv55","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59475050"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arshad Noor Siddiquee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3573-8385","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59475050"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084284389","https://openalex.org/A5088907972"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161","https://openalex.org/I59475050","https://openalex.org/I84058292"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":1.9086,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84067205,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"8","first_page":"568","last_page":"568"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10723","display_name":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10723","display_name":"Advanced Welding Techniques Analysis","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10717","display_name":"Aluminum Alloys Composites Properties","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10188","display_name":"Advanced machining processes and optimization","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/friction-stir-processing","display_name":"friction stir processing","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-composites","display_name":"surface composites","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-distribution","display_name":"particle distribution","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tib2-reinforcement","display_name":"TiB2 reinforcement","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/7050-aluminum-alloy","display_name":"7050 aluminum alloy","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shoulder-diameter","display_name":"shoulder diameter","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spindle-speed","display_name":"spindle speed","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traverse-speed","display_name":"traverse speed","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-dispersion","display_name":"particle dispersion","score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-mixing","display_name":"particle mixing","score":0.4560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-spreading","display_name":"particle spreading","score":0.5120000243186951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776536451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5503432","display_name":"Friction stir processing","level":3,"score":0.8753380179405212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176809094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15401496","display_name":"Traverse","level":2,"score":0.7493416666984558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7361029982566833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.6998140811920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.6861928701400757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778517922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.6690671443939209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81063470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1256787","display_name":"Rotational speed","level":2,"score":0.5848652124404907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.5560276508331299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177562468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182893","display_name":"Dispersion (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4795922338962555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108882938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274506","display_name":"Uniform distribution (continuous)","level":2,"score":0.42057985067367554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60448018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2054937","display_name":"Particle-size distribution","level":3,"score":0.4169459342956543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.3861425220966339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.38274261355400085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513153333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663","display_name":"Aluminium","level":2,"score":0.37226560711860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187530423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140503","display_name":"Particle size","level":2,"score":0.3642345666885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1883404552936554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15920540690422058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11719164252281189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1108047366142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/met8080568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met8080568","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8080568","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/8/8/568/pdf?version=1532439431","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210208383","display_name":"Metals","issn_l":"2075-4701","issn":["2075-4701"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Metals","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1be01ca6467745a2a91eacbb38ff5ef4","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1be01ca6467745a2a91eacbb38ff5ef4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Metals, Vol 8, Iss 8, p 568 (2018)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/met8080568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/met8080568","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8080568","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4701/8/8/568/pdf?version=1532439431","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210208383","display_name":"Metals","issn_l":"2075-4701","issn":["2075-4701"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Metals","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335726","display_name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2883419136.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2883419136.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965395087","https://openalex.org/W1991135548","https://openalex.org/W1996795080","https://openalex.org/W1998072471","https://openalex.org/W2017548429","https://openalex.org/W2032966525","https://openalex.org/W2039165994","https://openalex.org/W2040824754","https://openalex.org/W2041066449","https://openalex.org/W2059598713","https://openalex.org/W2191284875","https://openalex.org/W2325190049","https://openalex.org/W2413430431","https://openalex.org/W2558822644","https://openalex.org/W2609085776","https://openalex.org/W2769678389","https://openalex.org/W2770817022","https://openalex.org/W2780969564","https://openalex.org/W2791617303","https://openalex.org/W2894053199","https://openalex.org/W4300789542"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2325190049","https://openalex.org/W3172379948","https://openalex.org/W2242567041","https://openalex.org/W2174278941","https://openalex.org/W3042256635","https://openalex.org/W2994982619","https://openalex.org/W4251594568","https://openalex.org/W2979572385","https://openalex.org/W4413120133","https://openalex.org/W4306253180"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Surface":[0,143],"composite":[1,31,144],"fabrication":[2,32],"through":[3,36],"Friction":[4],"Stir":[5],"Processing":[6],"(FSP)":[7],"is":[8,24,34],"evolving":[9],"as":[10,88,157],"a":[11,57],"useful":[12],"clean":[13,52],"process":[14],"to":[15,26,62,113,184],"enhance":[16],"surface":[17,30],"properties":[18],"of":[19,29,50,92,132,138,188,197],"substrate.":[20],"Better":[21],"particle":[22,65,109,133,198],"distribution":[23,66,110,134,199],"key":[25],"the":[27,48,64,68,80,83,186],"success":[28],"which":[33],"achieved":[35,115],"multiple":[37],"passes.":[38],"Multiple":[39],"passes":[40],"significantly":[41],"increase":[42],"net":[43],"energy":[44],"input":[45,84],"and":[46,60,78,103,119,141,169,172,176,195,202],"undermine":[47],"essence":[49],"this":[51],"process.":[53],"This":[54],"study":[55],"proposes":[56,73],"novel":[58],"approach":[59],"indices":[61],"relate":[63,79],"with":[67,82,126,163],"FSP":[69,160],"parameters.":[70],"It":[71],"also":[72],"methodology":[74],"for":[75],"predicting":[76],"responses":[77],"response":[81],"parameter.":[85],"Unit":[86],"stirring":[87],"derived":[89],"parameter":[90],"consisting":[91],"tool":[93,174],"rotation":[94],"speed":[95,102,168,171],"in":[96,116],"revolutions":[97],"per":[98],"minute":[99],"(rpm),":[100],"traverse":[101],"shoulder":[104,165],"diameter":[105],"was":[106,111,152,161],"proposed.":[107],"The":[108],"identified":[112,201],"be":[114],"three":[117,121],"stages":[118,122,131,187,196],"all":[120],"bear":[123],"close":[124],"relationship":[125],"unit":[127],"stirring.":[128],"Three":[129],"discrete":[130],"were":[135,200],"identified:":[136],"degree":[137],"spreading,":[139],"mixing":[140],"dispersion.":[142],"on":[145],"an":[146],"aerospace":[147],"grade":[148],"aluminum":[149],"alloy":[150],"AA7050":[151],"fabricated":[153],"successfully":[154],"using":[155,179],"TiB2":[156],"reinforcement":[158],"particles.":[159],"performed":[162],"varied":[164],"diameter,":[166],"rotational":[167],"traversing":[170],"constant":[173],"tilt":[175],"plunge":[177],"depth":[178],"single":[180],"pass":[181],"processing":[182,193],"technique":[183],"understand":[185],"distribution.":[189],"Significant":[190],"relationships":[191],"between":[192],"parameters":[194],"discussed.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2018-08-03T00:00:00"}
