{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2880240562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2018.10669abstract","title":"Closing the Gender Gap \u2013 Personal Initiative Training and Female Business Performance","display_name":"Closing the Gender Gap \u2013 Personal Initiative Training and Female Business Performance","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-07-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2880240562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2018.10669abstract","mag":"2880240562"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5465/ambpp.2018.10669abstract","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2018.10669abstract","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2018.10669abstract","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223487","display_name":"Academy of Management Proceedings","issn_l":"0065-0668","issn":["0065-0668","2151-6561","2376-7197"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316266","host_organization_name":"Academy of Management","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316266"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academy of Management"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Academy of Management Proceedings","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-abstract","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065292816","display_name":"Mona Mensmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3733-6854","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3733-6854"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113456305","display_name":"Leuphana University of L\u00fcneburg","ror":"https://ror.org/02w2y2t16","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113456305"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mona Mensmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leuphana U. L\u00fcneburgNational U. of SingaporeWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leuphana U. L\u00fcneburgNational U. of SingaporeWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113456305","https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035643549","display_name":"Michael Fres\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-4395","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-4395","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1059-2375"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113456305","display_name":"Leuphana University of L\u00fcneburg","ror":"https://ror.org/02w2y2t16","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113456305"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Frese","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leuphana U. L\u00fcneburgNational U. of SingaporeWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leuphana U. L\u00fcneburgNational U. of SingaporeWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113456305","https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002777196","display_name":"Francisco Campos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1392-737X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1392-737X","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0077-0667"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113456305","display_name":"Leuphana University of L\u00fcneburg","ror":"https://ror.org/02w2y2t16","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113456305"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Campos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leuphana U. L\u00fcneburgNational U. of SingaporeWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leuphana U. L\u00fcneburgNational U. of SingaporeWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113456305","https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015392970","display_name":"Markus Goldstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6971-7259","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6971-7259"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113456305","display_name":"Leuphana University of L\u00fcneburg","ror":"https://ror.org/02w2y2t16","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113456305"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Goldstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leuphana U. L\u00fcneburgNational U. of SingaporeWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leuphana U. L\u00fcneburgNational U. of SingaporeWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113456305","https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058768212","display_name":"Leonardo Iacovone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5659-2370","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5659-2370"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113456305","display_name":"Leuphana University of L\u00fcneburg","ror":"https://ror.org/02w2y2t16","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113456305"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo Iacovone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leuphana U. L\u00fcneburgNational U. of SingaporeWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leuphana U. L\u00fcneburgNational U. of SingaporeWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113456305","https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103032303","display_name":"Hillary C. Johnson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2044-2466","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2044-2466"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113456305","display_name":"Leuphana University of L\u00fcneburg","ror":"https://ror.org/02w2y2t16","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113456305"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hillary Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leuphana U. L\u00fcneburgNational U. of SingaporeWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leuphana U. L\u00fcneburgNational U. of SingaporeWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113456305","https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101650308","display_name":"David John McKenzie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1885-2426","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1885-2426","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0961-9101"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113456305","display_name":"Leuphana University of L\u00fcneburg","ror":"https://ror.org/02w2y2t16","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113456305"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David McKenzie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leuphana U. L\u00fcneburgNational U. of SingaporeWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leuphana U. L\u00fcneburgNational U. of SingaporeWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DCWorld Bank, Washington DC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113456305","https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2018","issue":"1","first_page":"10669","last_page":"10669"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12693","display_name":"Migration, Ethnicity, and Economy","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-entrepreneurs","display_name":"women entrepreneurs","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences-in-entrepreneurship","display_name":"gender gap in entrepreneurship","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entrepreneurial-self-efficacy","display_name":"entrepreneurial self-efficacy","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entrepreneurial-passion","display_name":"entrepreneurial passion","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-role-theory","display_name":"social role theory","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firm-performance","display_name":"firm performance","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/togo","display_name":"Togo","score":0.6690000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84309077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3908516","display_name":"Entrepreneurship","level":2,"score":0.6964272856712341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.5139850974082947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4992046356201172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778775528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135432","display_name":"Closing (real estate)","level":2,"score":0.46415671706199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.43339964747428894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.4001920521259308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3942631483078003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3849681615829468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3776695728302002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.34393391013145447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2826196551322937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.25604116916656494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.24273499846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0906655490398407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5465/ambpp.2018.10669abstract","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2018.10669abstract","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2018.10669abstract","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210223487","display_name":"Academy of Management Proceedings","issn_l":"0065-0668","issn":["0065-0668","2151-6561","2376-7197"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316266","host_organization_name":"Academy of Management","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316266"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academy of Management"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Academy of Management Proceedings","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kobv.de-opus4-hsog:2897","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-hsog/frontdoor/index/index/docId/2897","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402087","display_name":"OPUS 4 (Zuse Institute Berlin)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I195893171","host_organization_name":"Zuse Institute Berlin","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195893171"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.9444000124931335},{"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.8928999900817871},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7578999996185303}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.5199999809265137}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2784859157","https://openalex.org/W4416630521","https://openalex.org/W2769196283","https://openalex.org/W7038129740","https://openalex.org/W2000772156","https://openalex.org/W2943758664","https://openalex.org/W2928991826","https://openalex.org/W4200423277","https://openalex.org/W4408664001","https://openalex.org/W3123659357"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"female":[1,46,79,98,132],"entrepreneurship":[2,153],"has":[3,155],"important":[4,156],"impacts":[5],"on":[6,59,148],"economic":[7],"development,":[8],"female-owned":[9],"businesses":[10],"obtain":[11],"lower":[12,15,89],"profits":[13],"and":[14,50,63,88,112,115,154],"growth":[16],"rates":[17],"than":[18],"male-":[19],"owned":[20],"businesses.":[21],"We":[22,91],"conduct":[23],"a":[24,42],"randomized":[25],"controlled":[26],"field":[27],"experiment":[28],"with":[29],"1196":[30],"entrepreneurs":[31,80,99],"in":[32,152],"Lom\u00e9,":[33],"Togo,":[34],"to":[35,44,51,100,116,131,145],"determine":[36],"whether":[37],"personal":[38,94],"initiative":[39,95],"training":[40,96,160],"constitutes":[41],"way":[43],"enhance":[45],"entrepreneurs\u2019":[47,133],"business":[48,134],"success":[49],"close":[52],"this":[53],"gender":[54,77,150],"gap.":[55],"Basing":[56],"our":[57,140],"argumentation":[58],"social":[60,76],"role":[61],"theory":[62],"the":[64,146,149],"process":[65],"model":[66],"of":[67,74,104,121],"entrepreneurial":[68,83,105,110,122,126,159],"action,":[69],"we":[70],"argue":[71],"that":[72,82,93],"because":[73],"their":[75,109,118],"roles":[78],"perceive":[81],"action":[84,106,123],"incurs":[85],"higher":[86],"risks":[87,103],"returns.":[90],"hypothesize":[92],"leads":[97,130],"decrease":[101],"perceived":[102,119],"by":[107,124],"increasing":[108,125],"self-efficacy":[111],"error":[113],"competence":[114],"increase":[117],"returns":[120],"passion,":[127],"which":[128],"ultimately":[129],"success.":[135],"The":[136],"results":[137],"largely":[138],"support":[139],"hypotheses.":[141],"This":[142],"study":[143],"contributes":[144],"literature":[147],"gap":[151],"implications":[157],"for":[158],"interventions.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-17T09:40:24.721904","created_date":"2018-07-19T00:00:00"}
