{"id":"https://openalex.org/W28606076","doi":null,"title":"The pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.","display_name":"The pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W28606076","mag":"28606076","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22204766"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:22204766","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22204766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discovery medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066505115","display_name":"Joseph R. Berger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1540-496X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1540-496X","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3821-1749","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0260-2430"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph R Berger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 740 S. Limestone St., Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA. joseph.berger@uky.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 740 S. Limestone St., Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA. joseph.berger@uky.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055427599","display_name":"Kamel Khalili","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6819-5217","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6819-5217"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kamel Khalili","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5181,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89451488,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"67","first_page":"495","last_page":"503"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11827","display_name":"Polyomavirus and related diseases","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11827","display_name":"Polyomavirus and related diseases","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10685","display_name":"Viral-associated cancers and disorders","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10981","display_name":"Cytomegalovirus and herpesvirus research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/progressive-multifocal-leukoencephalopathy","display_name":"progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jc-virus","display_name":"JC virus","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathogenesis","display_name":"pathogenesis","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-infection","display_name":"HIV infection","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natalizumab","display_name":"natalizumab","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efalizumab","display_name":"efalizumab","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-mediated-immunity","display_name":"cell-mediated immunity","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innate-immunity","display_name":"innate immunity","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-dissemination","display_name":"viral dissemination","score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunosurveillance","display_name":"immune surveillance","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reactivation-of-latent-infection","display_name":"latent infection reactivation","score":0.41100001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-models","display_name":"animal models","score":0.33399999141693115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780644213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q704930","display_name":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy","level":3,"score":0.9126351475715637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781004633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386119","display_name":"Natalizumab","level":3,"score":0.7471144795417786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780942790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372016","display_name":"Pathogenesis","level":2,"score":0.7115604877471924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779150272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1676563","display_name":"JC virus","level":4,"score":0.6683012843132019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780969348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418270","display_name":"Efalizumab","level":4,"score":0.6640415787696838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148632171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7542129","display_name":"Slow virus","level":4,"score":0.6577627658843994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.6339767575263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776885095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immunosurveillance","level":3,"score":0.5804242491722107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.5664677619934082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.515668511390686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4740143418312073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.4480552673339844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.36039429903030396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.3325396180152893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780640218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8277","display_name":"Multiple sclerosis","level":2,"score":0.2100502848625183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.1304847002029419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17991360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21173843","display_name":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777138892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415264","display_name":"Infliximab","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007577","descriptor_name":"JC Virus","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007577","descriptor_name":"JC Virus","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007968","descriptor_name":"Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007968","descriptor_name":"Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:22204766","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22204766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discovery medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:28606076","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22204766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2077215554","https://openalex.org/W2038969379","https://openalex.org/W2049398060","https://openalex.org/W1997338733","https://openalex.org/W2016911187","https://openalex.org/W2083935064","https://openalex.org/W2295438846","https://openalex.org/W1969927831","https://openalex.org/W2097394881","https://openalex.org/W2165034071","https://openalex.org/W2023039530","https://openalex.org/W2130790655","https://openalex.org/W2023417973","https://openalex.org/W1933320224","https://openalex.org/W2006393293","https://openalex.org/W1996048398","https://openalex.org/W7008703189","https://openalex.org/W1979210908","https://openalex.org/W1992723967","https://openalex.org/W2164832970","https://openalex.org/W1968834637","https://openalex.org/W1775749144","https://openalex.org/W1990706113","https://openalex.org/W2103409923","https://openalex.org/W2052498723","https://openalex.org/W2017442839","https://openalex.org/W2010209286","https://openalex.org/W2059939728","https://openalex.org/W2075990744","https://openalex.org/W2008137510","https://openalex.org/W2010280460","https://openalex.org/W2137001625","https://openalex.org/W2067716367","https://openalex.org/W2003480969","https://openalex.org/W2091461535"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2087571718","https://openalex.org/W2061998346","https://openalex.org/W2525975783","https://openalex.org/W2149676528","https://openalex.org/W2172275967","https://openalex.org/W2201420553","https://openalex.org/W4251699480","https://openalex.org/W2318435408","https://openalex.org/W2798039679","https://openalex.org/W2069416484"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Interest":[0],"in":[1,18,156,169,192],"pathogenesis":[2,51],"of":[3,11,25,31,49,57,74,82,88,115,123,132,152,159,164,187,223,236,243],"progressive":[4],"multifocal":[5],"leukoencephalopathy":[6],"(PML)":[7],"followed":[8],"the":[9,12,16,22,60,78,86,89,121,133,138,153,157,221,224,234],"observation":[10,24],"high":[13],"risk":[14,87,100],"for":[15,54,101],"disease":[17],"HIV":[19,92],"infection":[20,144],"and":[21,41,103,125,167,182],"recent":[23],"an":[26,37,43,176,244],"association":[27],"with":[28,145,149,206],"a":[29,55,70,99,112,150],"variety":[30],"newer":[32],"therapeutic":[33],"modalities,":[34],"e.g.,":[35],"natalizumab,":[36],"\u03b14\u03b21":[38],"integrin":[39],"inhibitor,":[40],"efalizumab,":[42],"anti-CD11a":[44],"monoclonal":[45],"antibody.":[46],"Any":[47],"hypothesis":[48],"PML":[50,128,196,209],"must":[52],"account":[53],"number":[56,73],"facts.":[58],"Firstly,":[59],"causative":[61],"agent":[62],"JC":[63,106,146,188],"virus":[64,107,147,154,189,213,229],"is":[65,97,141,199,212,220,233],"ubiquitously":[66],"present,":[67],"yet":[68],"only":[69],"vanishingly":[71],"small":[72],"infected":[75],"persons":[76],"develop":[77],"disease.":[79],"Secondly,":[80],"disorders":[81],"cell-mediated":[83],"immunity":[84,96],"increase":[85],"disease,":[90],"particularly":[91],"infection.":[93],"Impaired":[94],"innate":[95],"not":[98,109],"PML,":[102],"antibodies":[104],"against":[105],"are":[108,202,217],"protective.":[110],"Thirdly,":[111],"latent":[113],"period":[114],"several":[116],"months":[117],"appears":[118],"necessary":[119],"following":[120],"administration":[122],"natalizumab":[124],"efalizumab":[126],"before":[127],"develops.":[129],"Fourthly,":[130],"restoration":[131],"immune":[134],"system":[135,239],"can":[136],"arrest":[137],"PML.":[139],"It":[140],"possible":[142],"that":[143,190],"occurs":[148],"form":[151,186],"shed":[155],"urine":[158],"as":[160,162],"many":[161,203],"40%":[163],"all":[165],"adults":[166],"present":[168],"sewage":[170],"worldwide.":[171],"Once":[172],"acquired,":[173],"perhaps":[174],"through":[175],"oropharyngeal":[177],"route,":[178],"it":[179],"may":[180],"replicate":[181],"disseminate.":[183],"A":[184],"neurotropic":[185,225],"replicates":[191],"glial":[193],"tissues":[194,216],"causes":[195],"when":[197],"immunosurveillance":[198],"impaired.":[200],"There":[201],"unanswered":[204],"questions":[205,251],"respect":[207],"to":[208],"pathogenesis.":[210],"How":[211],"acquired?":[214],"What":[215,219,232],"infected?":[218],"origin":[222],"form?":[226],"When":[227],"does":[228],"enter":[230],"brain?":[231],"role":[235],"central":[237],"nervous":[238],"immunosurveillance?":[240],"The":[241],"lack":[242],"animal":[245],"model":[246],"has":[247],"made":[248],"answering":[249],"these":[250],"challenging.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
