{"id":"https://openalex.org/W284640347","doi":null,"title":"The Use of Random Extra Credit Quizzes to Increase Student Attendance","display_name":"The Use of Random Extra Credit Quizzes to Increase Student Attendance","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W284640347","mag":"284640347"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:284640347","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-76696361/the-use-of-random-extra-credit-quizzes-to-increase","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764764382","display_name":"Journal of instructional psychology","issn_l":"0094-1956","issn":["0094-1956"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of instructional psychology","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023876573","display_name":"David A. Wilder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6586-4841","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6586-4841"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David A. Wilder","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6586-4841","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"William A. Flood","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William A. Flood","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024388439","display_name":"Wibecke Linn Stromsnes","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wibecke Stromsnes","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6962,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88916294,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"2","first_page":"117","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.6068999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.6068999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12354","display_name":"Innovations in Educational Methods","score":0.3393999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11526","display_name":"Innovative Teaching Methods","score":0.013199999928474426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-attendance","display_name":"student attendance","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positive-reinforcement","display_name":"positive reinforcement","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-reinforcement","display_name":"random reinforcement","score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negative-reinforcement","display_name":"negative reinforcement","score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/punishment","display_name":"punishment","score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-motivation","display_name":"student motivation","score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classroom-behavior","display_name":"classroom behavior","score":0.3619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undergraduate-students","display_name":"undergraduate students","score":0.39899998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aversive-events","display_name":"aversive events","score":0.3310000002384186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778173179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339289","display_name":"Attendance","level":2,"score":0.892035186290741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7516041398048401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775868214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1208425","display_name":"Praise","level":2,"score":0.5860514044761658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.3993265926837921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.37621796131134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.31791990995407104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1117313802242279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:284640347","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-76696361/the-use-of-random-extra-credit-quizzes-to-increase","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764764382","display_name":"Journal of instructional psychology","issn_l":"0094-1956","issn":["0094-1956"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of instructional psychology","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6164000034332275,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2020115457","https://openalex.org/W2022214792","https://openalex.org/W2036962871","https://openalex.org/W4402955545","https://openalex.org/W1970202219","https://openalex.org/W7144029814","https://openalex.org/W2148464892","https://openalex.org/W2993264083","https://openalex.org/W123846117","https://openalex.org/W7065475858"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,31,68,129,170,190,255,417,495,523,554,571,587],"effect":[1,437],"of":[2,17,74,77,87,120,132,183,222,231,234,331,390,419,438,460,475,483,530,546,564,574,596],"random":[3,439],"extra":[4,62],"credit":[5,63],"quizzes":[6,42,235,441],"on":[7,14,123,141,177,188,393,442,507],"student":[8,35,48,58,83,92,97,127,212,259,301,342,355,379,394,432,443],"attendance":[9,36,49,93,134,178,196,260,343,414,433,444,599],"in":[10,44,72,99,164,168,179,195,201,210,229,249,297,307,348,445,457,468,520,590,598],"an":[11,193],"undergraduate":[12,252],"course":[13,55,462,576],"the":[15,41,61,75,198,220,232,242,277,388,406,410,420,436,469,476,484,521,531,539,552,561,565,575,580,591,594],"psychology":[16,253,459,479],"learning":[18,461],"was":[19,25,50,66,200,247,402,423,525,535,556,593],"examined.":[20],"A":[21,85],"B-A-B":[22],"reversal":[23],"design":[24],"used":[26],"to":[27,60,81,125,158,294,369,373,408,424,430,568],"measure":[28],"quiz":[29,64,225,245,269,321],"effects.":[30],"results":[32,69,191],"indicated":[33],"that":[34,91,135,227,238,258,281],"increased":[37],"by":[38,323,351,434],"10%":[39],"when":[40,197],"were":[43,478,486,489,493,511,548],"place.":[45,202],"In":[46,339],"addition,":[47],"positively":[51,94],"correlated":[52],"with":[53,96,267,329,362],"overall":[54,286],"score,":[56],"and":[57,102,150,181,216,236,270,354,375,451,491,550,584],"response":[59],"system":[65],"favorable.":[67],"are":[70,327],"discussed":[71],"terms":[73,230],"use":[76,209,370],"positive":[78,371,427],"reinforcement-based":[79,428],"approaches":[80],"increasing":[82,133,211,298,431],"attendance.":[84,128,213,287,380],"number":[86,233,545],"studies":[88],"have":[89,136,139,204,291],"shown":[90,293],"correlates":[95],"performance":[98],"high":[100,166,285],"school":[101,167],"college":[103,447],"courses":[104],"(Buckalew,":[105],"Daly,":[106],"&":[107],"Coffield,":[108],"1986;":[109],"Kooker,":[110],"1976,":[111],"Turner,":[112],"1927;":[113],"Van":[114],"Blerkom,":[115],"1992).":[116],"However,":[117],"a":[118,165,250,268,305,313,396,399,426,446,458,464,544],"dearth":[119],"research":[121],"exists":[122],"methods":[124,131,290],"increase":[126,194,374],"few":[130],"been":[137,206,292],"examined":[138,207,219],"focused":[140],"manipulating":[142],"social":[143,174,318],"or":[144,299,326,377,398],"academic":[145],"contingencies.":[146],"For":[147],"example,":[148],"Noonan":[149],"Thibeault":[151],"(1974)":[152],"assigned":[153],"reinforcing":[171],"agents":[172],"(i.e.,":[156],"peers)":[157],"students":[159,239,309,456,477,485,547,597],"identified":[160],"as":[161],"chronic":[162],"absentees":[163],"Kentucky.":[169],"delivered":[173],"praise":[175],"contingent":[176,187,336],"class":[180,265,325,496,602],"statements":[182],"concern":[184],"/":[185,376],"disapproval":[186],"absences.":[189,338],"showed":[192],"program":[199],"Quizzes":[203],"also":[205,557],"for":[208,264,273,513],"Hovell,":[214],"Williams,":[215],"Semb":[217],"(1979)":[218],"effects":[221,389],"three":[223,498],"different":[224,391],"contingencies":[226,283],"varied":[228],"exams":[237],"took":[240],"during":[241,503,527,538,560],"semester.":[243,533,581],"Each":[244],"contingency":[246],"implemented":[248],"separate":[251],"course.":[254,448,553],"authors":[256],"found":[257],"hovered":[261],"around":[262,271],"90%":[263],"meetings":[266,275],"55%":[272],"non-quiz":[274],"across":[276],"courses.":[278],"They":[279],"concluded":[280],"grade-related":[282],"maintained":[284,350],"Although":[288,381],"these":[289,332,363],"be":[295,345,358],"effective":[296],"maintaining":[300],"attendance,":[302,395],"they":[303],"involve":[304],"situation":[306],"which":[308,409],"must":[310],"either":[311],"avoid":[312],"potentially":[314,333],"aversive":[315,334],"event":[316],"(e.g.,":[317],"disapproval,":[319],"missed":[320],"points)":[322],"attending":[324],"confronted":[328],"one":[330,382],"events":[335],"upon":[337],"other":[340,515],"words,":[341],"may":[344,357],"at":[346,463,600],"least":[347],"part":[349],"negative":[352],"reinforcement":[353,372],"absences":[356],"reduced":[359],"via":[360],"punishment":[361],"systems.":[364],"An":[365],"alternative":[366],"approach":[367,429],"is":[368,415,517],"maintain":[378],"published":[383],"study":[384,422,592],"(Beaulieu,":[385],"1984)":[386],"compared":[387],"rewards":[392,412],"baseline":[397],"control":[400],"group":[401],"not":[403,518,536,558],"employed.":[404],"Thus,":[405],"extent":[407],"various":[411],"improved":[413],"unknown.":[416],"purpose":[418],"present":[421],"evaluate":[425],"examining":[435],"extra-credit":[440],"Method":[449],"Participants":[450,453],"Setting":[452],"included":[454,519],"32":[455],"private":[465],"comprehensive":[466],"university":[467],"western":[470],"United":[471],"States.":[472],"Ninety-four":[473],"percent":[474],"majors.":[480],"Approximately":[481],"13%":[482],"sophomores,":[487],"53%":[488],"juniors,":[490],"34%":[492],"seniors.":[494],"met":[497],"times":[499],"per":[500],"week":[501,563],"except":[502],"holiday":[504],"periods.":[505],"Attendance":[506],"exam":[508],"days":[509],"(which":[510],"scheduled":[512],"every":[514],"Friday)":[516],"data.":[522],"experiment":[524,555],"conducted":[526,537,559],"12":[528],"weeks":[529,542],"16-week":[532],"It":[534],"first":[540],"3":[541],"because":[543],"adding":[549],"dropping":[551],"last":[562],"semester":[566],"due":[567],"final":[569],"exams.":[570],"lecture":[572],"format":[573],"remained":[577],"constant":[578],"throughout":[579],"Dependent":[582],"Measure":[583],"Interobserver":[585],"Agreement":[586],"dependent":[588],"variable":[589],"percentage":[595],"each":[601],"meeting.":[603],"\u2026":[604]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}