{"id":"https://openalex.org/W28407208","doi":null,"title":"From Crime to Punishment: Moral Violations and the Social Function of Emotion","display_name":"From Crime to Punishment: Moral Violations and the Social Function of Emotion","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W28407208","mag":"28407208"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:via.library.depaul.edu:csh_etd-1087","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://via.library.depaul.edu/csh_etd/89","pdf_url":"https://via.library.depaul.edu/csh_etd/89","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196644","display_name":"Digital Commons-DePaul  (DePaul University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I118353179","host_organization_name":"DePaul University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"College of Science and Health Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://via.library.depaul.edu/csh_etd/89","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008417264","display_name":"Michael R. Brubacher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5767-7352","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5767-7352"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael R. Brubacher","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5767-7352","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008417264"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5736,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92830173,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.5938000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.5938000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12520","display_name":"Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment","score":0.3441999852657318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.02370000071823597,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-attitudes-toward-punishment","display_name":"public attitudes toward punishment","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-transgression","display_name":"moral transgression","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-functions-of-emotion","display_name":"social functions of emotion","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-foundations-theory","display_name":"moral foundations","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disgust","display_name":"disgust","score":0.5379999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anger","display_name":"anger","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sympathy","display_name":"sympathy","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contempt","display_name":"contempt","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fear","display_name":"fear","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retribution","display_name":"retribution","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incapacitation","display_name":"incapacitation","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deterrence","display_name":"deterrence","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rehabilitation","display_name":"rehabilitation","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/restorative-justice","display_name":"restorative justice","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-opinion-on-crime","display_name":"public opinion on crime","score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offender-rehabilitation","display_name":"offender rehabilitation","score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recidivism-reduction","display_name":"recidivism reduction","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-order-change","display_name":"second-order change","score":0.5509999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778069335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32098","display_name":"Sanctions","level":2,"score":0.7558181285858154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779295839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3544090","display_name":"Punishment (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7417954802513123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776090404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1420643","display_name":"Recidivism","level":2,"score":0.7257695198059082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780982575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332142","display_name":"Deterrence (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6728293895721436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.631305992603302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110928126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519270","display_name":"Retributive justice","level":3,"score":0.5945646166801453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.5755083560943604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5335820913314819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5247212648391724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.44094574451446533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200288055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2621792","display_name":"Element (criminal law)","level":2,"score":0.41936230659484863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139621336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382","display_name":"Economic Justice","level":2,"score":0.36527734994888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3128208518028259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1343960165977478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:via.library.depaul.edu:csh_etd-1087","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://via.library.depaul.edu/csh_etd/89","pdf_url":"https://via.library.depaul.edu/csh_etd/89","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196644","display_name":"Digital Commons-DePaul  (DePaul University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I118353179","host_organization_name":"DePaul University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"College of Science and Health Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:28407208","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://via.library.depaul.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1087&context=csh_etd","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:via.library.depaul.edu:csh_etd-1087","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://via.library.depaul.edu/csh_etd/89","pdf_url":"https://via.library.depaul.edu/csh_etd/89","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196644","display_name":"Digital Commons-DePaul  (DePaul University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I118353179","host_organization_name":"DePaul University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118353179"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"College of Science and Health Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8046000003814697,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W28407208.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W28407208.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":207,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W121876810","https://openalex.org/W343526821","https://openalex.org/W592780648","https://openalex.org/W1246973379","https://openalex.org/W1483403772","https://openalex.org/W1498616935","https://openalex.org/W1521461305","https://openalex.org/W1527826132","https://openalex.org/W1571620383","https://openalex.org/W1573069344","https://openalex.org/W1581387623","https://openalex.org/W1585385491","https://openalex.org/W1586166872","https://openalex.org/W1608600376","https://openalex.org/W1641882625","https://openalex.org/W1665332082","https://openalex.org/W1724215904","https://openalex.org/W1725435973","https://openalex.org/W1730123309","https://openalex.org/W1741291794","https://openalex.org/W1752196365","https://openalex.org/W1798371638","https://openalex.org/W1807727970","https://openalex.org/W1836311887","https://openalex.org/W1838163612","https://openalex.org/W1886723030","https://openalex.org/W1896027656","https://openalex.org/W1946086219","https://openalex.org/W1954045752","https://openalex.org/W1965494700","https://openalex.org/W1965514675","https://openalex.org/W1965565003","https://openalex.org/W1966797434","https://openalex.org/W1968110885","https://openalex.org/W1969062436","https://openalex.org/W1972444515","https://openalex.org/W1980759074","https://openalex.org/W1981498023","https://openalex.org/W1982283234","https://openalex.org/W1982462294","https://openalex.org/W1984186949","https://openalex.org/W1985748704","https://openalex.org/W1986294985","https://openalex.org/W1988493637","https://openalex.org/W1989107341","https://openalex.org/W1989903212","https://openalex.org/W1990333753","https://openalex.org/W1990426816","https://openalex.org/W1991565367","https://openalex.org/W1991630853","https://openalex.org/W1992193527","https://openalex.org/W1992490637","https://openalex.org/W1992514329","https://openalex.org/W1995474006","https://openalex.org/W1997011961","https://openalex.org/W1999069442","https://openalex.org/W2002336791","https://openalex.org/W2002844388","https://openalex.org/W2003410329","https://openalex.org/W2004879394","https://openalex.org/W2009040025","https://openalex.org/W2010689478","https://openalex.org/W2011471653","https://openalex.org/W2014281368","https://openalex.org/W2017014079","https://openalex.org/W2018255452","https://openalex.org/W2018734587","https://openalex.org/W2018738210","https://openalex.org/W2021583039","https://openalex.org/W2022793117","https://openalex.org/W2024729924","https://openalex.org/W2027374050","https://openalex.org/W2027521021","https://openalex.org/W2027928156","https://openalex.org/W2028614536","https://openalex.org/W2029246297","https://openalex.org/W2032569355","https://openalex.org/W2034627686","https://openalex.org/W2034969428","https://openalex.org/W2036149274","https://openalex.org/W2036288113","https://openalex.org/W2038684221","https://openalex.org/W2038796276","https://openalex.org/W2039825111","https://openalex.org/W2041812559","https://openalex.org/W2042276900","https://openalex.org/W2042308982","https://openalex.org/W2043471734","https://openalex.org/W2044443987","https://openalex.org/W2045373587","https://openalex.org/W2045395486","https://openalex.org/W2047786704","https://openalex.org/W2050220279","https://openalex.org/W2051230757","https://openalex.org/W2051419616","https://openalex.org/W2053270247","https://openalex.org/W2054034297","https://openalex.org/W2054310099","https://openalex.org/W2055108497","https://openalex.org/W2055892307","https://openalex.org/W2056775433","https://openalex.org/W2058735090","https://openalex.org/W2059176358","https://openalex.org/W2059450455","https://openalex.org/W2061299993","https://openalex.org/W2062095670","https://openalex.org/W2062988072","https://openalex.org/W2063137417","https://openalex.org/W2067712652","https://openalex.org/W2071380658","https://openalex.org/W2071666535","https://openalex.org/W2071854134","https://openalex.org/W2071936644","https://openalex.org/W2075991998","https://openalex.org/W2077087639","https://openalex.org/W2080211902","https://openalex.org/W2080735057","https://openalex.org/W2080739807","https://openalex.org/W2082248901","https://openalex.org/W2084758600","https://openalex.org/W2085343738","https://openalex.org/W2088420557","https://openalex.org/W2089959096","https://openalex.org/W2093479632","https://openalex.org/W2096910467","https://openalex.org/W2100368531","https://openalex.org/W2101490802","https://openalex.org/W2102221236","https://openalex.org/W2105164027","https://openalex.org/W2108803308","https://openalex.org/W2111742571","https://openalex.org/W2111964893","https://openalex.org/W2112119676","https://openalex.org/W2112181524","https://openalex.org/W2113449477","https://openalex.org/W2115721242","https://openalex.org/W2117155762","https://openalex.org/W2117401803","https://openalex.org/W2119432837","https://openalex.org/W2123791568","https://openalex.org/W2124155719","https://openalex.org/W2125722541","https://openalex.org/W2126474339","https://openalex.org/W2129752208","https://openalex.org/W2130142026","https://openalex.org/W2130434385","https://openalex.org/W2131619946","https://openalex.org/W2131661660","https://openalex.org/W2131795159","https://openalex.org/W2131986703","https://openalex.org/W2132422417","https://openalex.org/W2138131209","https://openalex.org/W2138351915","https://openalex.org/W2138861317","https://openalex.org/W2140241886","https://openalex.org/W2141553078","https://openalex.org/W2141708418","https://openalex.org/W2142860766","https://openalex.org/W2144082198","https://openalex.org/W2144581748","https://openalex.org/W2146047041","https://openalex.org/W2149608872","https://openalex.org/W2150657587","https://openalex.org/W2152194780","https://openalex.org/W2152523831","https://openalex.org/W2153155150","https://openalex.org/W2154009741","https://openalex.org/W2154273558","https://openalex.org/W2156311465","https://openalex.org/W2157228429","https://openalex.org/W2157640425","https://openalex.org/W2157684370","https://openalex.org/W2160922356","https://openalex.org/W2161006826","https://openalex.org/W2163138441","https://openalex.org/W2165773686","https://openalex.org/W2166031938","https://openalex.org/W2167251605","https://openalex.org/W2168055557","https://openalex.org/W2169950931","https://openalex.org/W2185452401","https://openalex.org/W2254735081","https://openalex.org/W2327531698","https://openalex.org/W2416696030","https://openalex.org/W2718261013","https://openalex.org/W2786267815","https://openalex.org/W2790467964","https://openalex.org/W2811464350","https://openalex.org/W2900927010","https://openalex.org/W2901296574","https://openalex.org/W2901494586","https://openalex.org/W2967445962","https://openalex.org/W2990194565","https://openalex.org/W2991854756","https://openalex.org/W2994846642","https://openalex.org/W3121497648","https://openalex.org/W3121741271","https://openalex.org/W3122078363","https://openalex.org/W3124281606","https://openalex.org/W3124728362","https://openalex.org/W3125317482","https://openalex.org/W4239613158","https://openalex.org/W4246964539","https://openalex.org/W4253968766","https://openalex.org/W4256441345","https://openalex.org/W4313436636","https://openalex.org/W4388110941"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4414221642","https://openalex.org/W2902918311","https://openalex.org/W599583099","https://openalex.org/W1982435035","https://openalex.org/W2123748621","https://openalex.org/W3011816038","https://openalex.org/W4391893615","https://openalex.org/W7167801619","https://openalex.org/W2042308982","https://openalex.org/W3154692900"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Punishments":[0,545],"that":[1,65,92,137,177,184,305,403,490],"are":[2,67,105,138,180,185,207,239,546],"issued":[3,139],"by":[4,62,182,223,340,499,556],"the":[5,21,63,86,102,116,119,124,135,150,167,190,202,213,224,262,272,275,282,289,322,335,341,346,361,374,381,387,392,406,420,425,438,469,510,522,527,539,542],"criminal":[6,120,494],"justice":[7,121],"system":[8,122],"can":[9,29,59,88,133,162,226,496,534,559,569,578],"enhance":[10],"factors":[11],"related":[12],"to":[13,17,69,90,109,195,201,301,333,354,399,432,445,508,537,550,571],"recidivism":[14,37,562],"or":[15],"contribute":[16],"offender":[18,40,94,276,283,290,470],"rehabilitation.":[19],"Investigating":[20],"ecological":[22],"element":[23],"of":[24,32,57,85,100,118,153,160,169,174,187,215,220,230,242,261,265,271,312,337,373,380,409,427,440,453,512,541,567],"public":[25,128,164,225,259,491,572],"attitudes":[26,492],"toward":[27,493],"punishment":[28,216,338,350,421,454,464,495,524,576],"inform":[30,580],"efforts":[31,583],"second-order":[33],"change":[34,582],"for":[35,166,199,418,436,450,462,468,473,482,521,531,548,574],"reducing":[36],"and":[38,41,55,81,127,210,249,287,319,349,369,411,434,448,466,475,485,502],"improving":[39,585],"community":[42],"wellbeing":[43],"(Bronfenbrenner,":[44],"1979;":[45],"Kelly,":[46],"1966;":[47],"Watzlawick,":[48],"Weakland,":[49],"&":[50,143,252],"Fisch,":[51],"1974).":[52],"The":[53,204,218,478,487],"form":[54,214,355],"duration":[56],"punishments":[58,66,136,554],"be":[60,110,497,506,535],"influenced":[61],"goals":[64,72,87,104,168,336,351,558,577],"meant":[68],"achieve.":[70],"Punishment":[71],"include":[73,227],"retribution,":[74,437],"incapacitation,":[75],"individual":[76],"deterrence,":[77,79],"general":[78,125],"rehabilitation,":[80],"restorative":[82,476],"justice.":[83,477],"Each":[84],"lead":[89,194,431,444,570],"sanctions":[91],"impact":[93,134,561],"behavior":[95],"differently":[96],"yet":[97,108],"substantive":[98],"predictors":[99],"when":[101,309],"different":[103,178,196,553,557],"pursued":[106],"have":[107,480],"discovered.":[111],"An":[112],"important":[113],"stakeholder":[114],"in":[115,189],"operations":[117],"is":[123],"public,":[126],"opinions":[129],"regarding":[130],"sentencing":[131,586],"practices":[132],"(Roberts,":[140],"Stalans,":[141],"Indermaur,":[142],"Hough,":[144],"2003).":[145],"This":[146,255],"paper":[147,256],"will":[148],"whether":[149,258,274,281,288],"moral":[151,232,243,266,413,500],"characteristics":[152],"crimes":[154],"along":[155],"with":[156,325],"social":[157],"functional":[158],"accounts":[159,173],"emotion":[161,175],"predict":[163,268,302,334,460],"support":[165,417,435,449,461,472,573],"punishment.":[170],"Social":[171],"functionalist":[172],"suggest":[176],"emotions":[179,304,447],"elicited":[181],"appraisals":[183,260,270,297],"made":[186],"events":[188],"environment.":[191],"Emotions":[192],"then":[193,299,397],"action":[197,205,329],"tendencies":[198,206],"responding":[200,549],"appraisals.":[203],"goal":[208],"oriented":[209],"may":[211,307],"take":[212],"goals.":[217,422,455,525],"appraisal":[219,426,439,511],"a":[221,313,356,370,401,451,518],"crime":[222,568],"an":[228,278,292,366,428,441,513],"assessment":[229],"its":[231],"qualities.":[233],"Moral":[234],"Foundations":[235],"Theory":[236],"suggests":[237],"there":[238],"five":[240,263,303],"categories":[241],"concern:":[244],"harm,":[245],"fairness,":[246],"ingroup,":[247],"authority,":[248],"purity":[250,412],"(Haidt":[251],"Graham,":[253],"2007).":[254],"examined":[257],"types":[264],"violation":[267],"three":[269],"offender:":[273],"committed":[277],"immoral":[279,293,429,442,514],"act,":[280],"was":[284,376,517],"morally":[285],"incompetent,":[286],"possessed":[291],"nature.":[294],"These":[295],"secondary":[296],"were":[298,331,352,384,396],"used":[300,332],"people":[306],"experience":[308],"being":[310],"informed":[311],"crime:":[314],"anger,":[315],"fear,":[316],"contempt,":[317],"sympathy,":[318],"disgust.":[320],"Finally,":[321,456,526],"emotions,":[323,348],"each":[324],"their":[326],"own":[327],"goal-oriented":[328],"tendency,":[330],"desired":[339],"public.":[342],"Predicted":[343],"relations":[344,383],"between":[345],"appraisals,":[347],"combined":[353],"path":[357,371],"model.":[358],"To":[359],"test":[360],"model,":[362],"546":[363],"participants":[364],"completed":[365],"online":[367],"survey":[368],"analysis":[372],"model":[375,388,402],"conducted.":[377],"A":[378],"majority":[379],"predicted":[382,416,471,498],"significant;":[385],"however,":[386],"did":[389,404,458],"not":[390,459],"fit":[391,405],"data.":[393,407],"Additional":[394],"analyses":[395],"performed":[398],"develop":[400],"Violations":[408],"authority":[410],"principles":[414],"indirectly":[415],"all":[419],"Furthermore,":[423],"while":[424],"act":[430],"anger":[433],"nature":[443],"many":[446],"variety":[452],"fear":[457],"any":[463],"goal,":[465],"sympathy":[467],"rehabilitation":[474],"findings":[479],"implications":[481],"theory,":[483],"interventions,":[484],"policy.":[486],"study":[488,528],"shows":[489],"concerns":[501],"emotions.":[503],"Interventions":[504],"could":[505],"developed":[507],"reduce":[509,538],"nature,":[515],"which":[516],"strong":[519],"predictor":[520],"punitive":[523],"presents":[529],"ideas":[530],"how":[532,565],"policies":[533],"changed":[536],"size":[540],"prison":[543],"population.":[544],"necessary":[547],"crime,":[551],"but":[552],"produced":[555],"differentially":[560],"rates.":[563],"Determining":[564],"perceptions":[566],"various":[575],"help":[579],"systems":[581],"at":[584],"practices.":[587]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}