{"id":"https://openalex.org/W281134522","doi":null,"title":"In situ detection of polymerase chain reaction-amplified HIV-1 nucleic acids and tumor necrosis factor-alpha RNA in the central nervous system.","display_name":"In situ detection of polymerase chain reaction-amplified HIV-1 nucleic acids and tumor necrosis factor-alpha RNA in the central nervous system.","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W281134522","mag":"281134522","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8160767","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1887241"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1887241","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1887241","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Am J Pathol","raw_type":"Text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1887241","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064332898","display_name":"Gerard J. Nuovo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5351-4721","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5351-4721"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59553526","display_name":"Stony Brook University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qghxh33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G J Nuovo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, SUNY at Stony Brook 11794-8691"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, SUNY at Stony Brook 11794-8691","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59553526"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061382053","display_name":"Frances Gallery","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F Gallery","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058688660","display_name":"P MacConnell","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P MacConnell","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"A Braun","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A Braun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.0612,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":281,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99197478,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"144","issue":"4","first_page":"659","last_page":"66"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11381","display_name":"Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10526","display_name":"HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-1","display_name":"HIV-1","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/central-nervous-system","display_name":"central nervous system","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-situ-pcr","display_name":"in situ PCR","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microglial-cells","display_name":"microglial cells","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astrocytes","display_name":"astrocytes","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-associated-dementia","display_name":"HIV-associated dementia","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proviral-dna","display_name":"proviral DNA","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-rna","display_name":"viral RNA","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-progression","display_name":"disease progression","score":0.6679999828338623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81439078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2304142","display_name":"In situ hybridization","level":4,"score":0.7586488723754883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.708307147026062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49105822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176996","display_name":"Polymerase chain reaction","level":3,"score":0.6319639086723328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156719811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28774","display_name":"Reverse transcriptase","level":4,"score":0.6147818565368652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17991360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21173843","display_name":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha","level":2,"score":0.5641130208969116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153911025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7202","display_name":"Molecular biology","level":1,"score":0.5266651511192322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24107716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123619","display_name":"Nucleic acid","level":2,"score":0.521240770816803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552990157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430","display_name":"DNA","level":2,"score":0.5205039381980896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.49382099509239197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4692481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169526","display_name":"Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction","level":4,"score":0.45852580666542053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.4285566210746765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67705224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11053","display_name":"RNA","level":3,"score":0.4267972409725189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.3791927099227905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.30032238364219666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.28870517015457153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.1463927924633026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1402679979801178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000163","descriptor_name":"Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000911","descriptor_name":"Antibodies, Monoclonal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001927","descriptor_name":"Brain Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004279","descriptor_name":"DNA, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007150","descriptor_name":"Immunohistochemistry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007375","descriptor_name":"Interleukin-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012333","descriptor_name":"RNA, Messenger","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012367","descriptor_name":"RNA, Viral","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014409","descriptor_name":"Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016133","descriptor_name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017403","descriptor_name":"In Situ Hybridization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1887241","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1887241","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Am J Pathol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:8160767","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8160767","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American journal of pathology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:281134522","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8160767","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1887241","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1887241","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Am J Pathol","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9940000176429749,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1546703720","https://openalex.org/W1757031992","https://openalex.org/W1984679660","https://openalex.org/W2003567882","https://openalex.org/W2020700449","https://openalex.org/W2026123482","https://openalex.org/W2045693758","https://openalex.org/W2053053546","https://openalex.org/W2059865376","https://openalex.org/W2067034207","https://openalex.org/W2071906599","https://openalex.org/W2077494883","https://openalex.org/W2114601677","https://openalex.org/W2125417887","https://openalex.org/W2136513512","https://openalex.org/W2147638621","https://openalex.org/W2153377216","https://openalex.org/W2329291112"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964167498","https://openalex.org/W2003186832","https://openalex.org/W2021151285","https://openalex.org/W1984069423","https://openalex.org/W2008584695","https://openalex.org/W2012803870","https://openalex.org/W61338804","https://openalex.org/W2044112075","https://openalex.org/W2033532477","https://openalex.org/W2469506811"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"determined":[2],"the":[3,16,29,37,98,124,127,140],"distribution":[4],"of":[5,28,36,55,100,139,142,155],"in":[6,15,26,34,48,113,123,126],"situ":[7,49,114],"polymerase":[8],"chain":[9],"reaction":[10],"(PCR)-amplified":[11],"HIV-1":[12,41,69,120,145],"nucleic":[13],"acids":[14],"central":[17],"nervous":[18],"system":[19],"(CNS).":[20],"Amplified":[21],"viral":[22,107,157],"DNA":[23,42],"was":[24,43,94],"detected":[25,45],"each":[27],"seven":[30,38],"HIV-1-positive":[31],"cases":[32],"and":[33,63,83,106,130,149,151,158],"none":[35],"negative":[39],"controls.":[40],"rarely":[44],"with":[46,52,60,78,144],"standard":[47],"hybridization,":[50],"consistent":[51],"low":[53],"levels":[54],"proviral":[56],"DNA.":[57],"In":[58,76],"patients":[59,77],"minimal":[61],"clinical":[62],"pathological":[64],"CNS":[65,125],"involvement,":[66],"only":[67],"rare":[68],"DNA-positive":[70],"perivascular":[71],"microglial":[72,88],"cells":[73,89,143],"were":[74,90],"noted.":[75],"dementia,":[79],"many":[80],"infected":[81],"neurons":[82,148],"astrocytes":[84],"as":[85,87],"well":[86],"detected.":[91],"Severe":[92],"disease":[93],"also":[95],"characterized":[96],"by":[97,109,135],"detection":[99],"tumor":[101],"necrosis":[102],"factor-alpha":[103],"(TNF-alpha)":[104],"mRNA":[105],"RNA":[108],"reverse":[110],"transcription":[111],"(RT)":[112],"PCR.":[115],"These":[116],"results":[117],"suggest":[118],"that":[119,131],"commonly":[121],"exists":[122],"asymptomatic":[128],"patient":[129],"progression":[132],"is":[133],"marked":[134],"a":[136,152],"dramatic":[137],"increase":[138],"number":[141],"DNA,":[146],"including":[147],"astrocytes,":[150],"concomitant":[153],"upregulation":[154],"both":[156],"TNF-alpha":[159],"transcription.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}