{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2811295357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lob.200716349","title":"PLASTICS\u2010IRRADIATED\u2010ETCHED: THE NUCLEPORE\u00ae FILTER TURNS 45 YEARS OLD","display_name":"PLASTICS\u2010IRRADIATED\u2010ETCHED: THE NUCLEPORE\u00ae FILTER TURNS 45 YEARS OLD","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2811295357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lob.200716349","mag":"2811295357"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/lob.200716349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lob.200716349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lob.200716349","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/lob.200716349","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764418279","display_name":"Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin","issn_l":"1536-352X","issn":["1536-352X","1536-3538","1539-607X","1539-6088"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/lob.200716349","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050834581","display_name":"David M. Karl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6660-6721","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6660-6721"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117965899","display_name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa","ror":"https://ror.org/01wspgy28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331384533","display_name":"University of Hawaii System","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzaeb71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331384533"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David M. Karl","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117965899","https://openalex.org/I1331384533"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050834581"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117965899","https://openalex.org/I1331384533"],"apc_list":{"value":3200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3200},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4005,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93911989,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"3","first_page":"49","last_page":"54"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.7002000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.7002000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13641","display_name":"Historical Studies and Socio-cultural Analysis","score":0.19529999792575836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10197","display_name":"Membrane Separation Technologies","score":0.01080000028014183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/membrane-filtration","display_name":"membrane filtration","score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-scientific-instruments","display_name":"history of scientific instruments","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-electric-research-laboratory","display_name":"General Electric Research Laboratory","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-chemistry","display_name":"water chemistry","score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aquatic-microbiology","display_name":"aquatic microbiology","score":0.9409999847412109}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778805511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713","display_name":"Citation","level":2,"score":0.5383585095405579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.5289381146430969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4701139032840729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.46530041098594666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189047708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165838","display_name":"Limnology","level":2,"score":0.44098642468452454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.40915393829345703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.3211420178413391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.30353665351867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2711082696914673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22872918844223022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12863025069236755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/lob.200716349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lob.200716349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lob.200716349","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/lob.200716349","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764418279","display_name":"Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin","issn_l":"1536-352X","issn":["1536-352X","1536-3538","1539-607X","1539-6088"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/lob.200716349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lob.200716349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lob.200716349","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/lob.200716349","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764418279","display_name":"Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin","issn_l":"1536-352X","issn":["1536-352X","1536-3538","1539-607X","1539-6088"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.6618000268936157}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2811295357.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2811295357.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36663664","https://openalex.org/W1515985097","https://openalex.org/W1604774996","https://openalex.org/W1631007711","https://openalex.org/W1640203126","https://openalex.org/W1939778536","https://openalex.org/W1965494022","https://openalex.org/W1969936590","https://openalex.org/W1969949423","https://openalex.org/W1977339786","https://openalex.org/W1978677388","https://openalex.org/W1989867022","https://openalex.org/W1991857896","https://openalex.org/W1995564968","https://openalex.org/W1998174797","https://openalex.org/W2005190458","https://openalex.org/W2010270585","https://openalex.org/W2025588744","https://openalex.org/W2027929410","https://openalex.org/W2029048130","https://openalex.org/W2034601892","https://openalex.org/W2035446350","https://openalex.org/W2050879054","https://openalex.org/W2053197667","https://openalex.org/W2056819892","https://openalex.org/W2061051011","https://openalex.org/W2070790580","https://openalex.org/W2071296421","https://openalex.org/W2074379494","https://openalex.org/W2075540303","https://openalex.org/W2078121107","https://openalex.org/W2082241063","https://openalex.org/W2092273112","https://openalex.org/W2093329097","https://openalex.org/W2094153893","https://openalex.org/W2096302061","https://openalex.org/W2106954267","https://openalex.org/W2144649425","https://openalex.org/W2324456072","https://openalex.org/W2419383982","https://openalex.org/W3158675357","https://openalex.org/W4249180136","https://openalex.org/W6819633004","https://openalex.org/W6832405203","https://openalex.org/W7006287116"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099300043","https://openalex.org/W1970184120","https://openalex.org/W123641934","https://openalex.org/W2051351662","https://openalex.org/W7058948839","https://openalex.org/W2410370752","https://openalex.org/W2772136700","https://openalex.org/W2953082096","https://openalex.org/W7011705326","https://openalex.org/W2056819892"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"has":[1],"been":[2,81],"said":[3],"that":[4,16,51,69],"progress":[5],"in":[6,28,36,64,96,143,178],"aquatic":[7,182],"sciences":[8],"is":[9],"limited":[10],"by":[11],"the":[12,89,97,106,118,137,155,158,171,179,189],"availability":[13],"of":[14,45,58,99,103,113,125,132,165,173,181,188],"methods":[15],"can":[17,40],"be":[18,41],"used":[19,61],"to":[20,43,94,157],"observe":[21],"and":[22,26,31,38,134,148,184],"describe":[23],"characteristics,":[24],"features":[25],"processes":[27],"freshwater,":[29],"estuarine":[30],"marine":[32],"habitats.Many":[33],"key":[34],"discoveries":[35],"limnology":[37],"oceanography":[39],"traced":[42],"inventions":[44],"new":[46,175],"tools,":[47],"instruments":[48],"or":[49,76],"technologies":[50],"are":[52,60],"often":[53,63],"borrowed":[54],"from":[55,92,136],"unrelated":[56],"disciplines.Some":[57],"these":[59],"so":[62],"our":[65,104],"day-to-day":[66],"research":[67],"activities":[68],"we":[70],"rarely":[71],"think":[72],"about":[73],"their":[74],"origins,":[75],"what":[77],"life":[78],"must":[79],"have":[80],"like":[82],"before":[83],"they":[84],"existed.This":[85],"article":[86],"will":[87],"recount":[88],"important":[90],"steps,":[91],"theory":[93],"practice,":[95],"development":[98,172],"an":[100],"indispensable":[101],"tool":[102],"trade,":[105],"Nuclepore":[107,161],"\u00ae":[108,162],"membrane":[109],"filter.In":[110],"a":[111,130,150],"series":[112],"high-profile":[114],"scientific":[115],"publications":[116],"during":[117],"period":[119],"1962-1965,":[120],"including":[121],"four":[122],"front":[123],"covers":[124],"Science":[126],"magazine":[127],"(Figure":[128],"1),":[129],"team":[131],"physicists":[133],"engineers":[135],"General":[138],"Electric":[139],"Research":[140],"Laboratory":[141],"(GERL)":[142],"Schenectady,":[144],"New":[145],"York":[146],"invented":[147],"perfected":[149],"novel":[151],"Plastics-Irradiated-Etched":[152],"(\"PIE\")":[153],"membrane,":[154],"predecessor":[156],"commercially":[159],"available":[160],"filter.The":[163],"introduction":[164],"this":[166],"\"precision\"":[167],"plastic":[168],"sieve":[169],"facilitated":[170],"many":[174],"methodologies,":[176],"especially":[177],"fields":[180],"chemistry":[183],"microbiology.I":[185],"thank":[186],"two":[187],"inventors,":[190],"Professors":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2018-07-10T00:00:00"}
