{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2809783833","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.57.10.101705","title":"Starting point designs for freeform four-mirror systems","display_name":"Starting point designs for freeform four-mirror systems","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2809783833","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.57.10.101705","mag":"2809783833"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/1.oe.57.10.101705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.57.10.101705","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.57.10.101705","pdf_url":"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Optical-Engineering/volume-57/issue-10/101705/Starting-point-designs-for-freeform-four-mirror-systems/10.1117/1.OE.57.10.101705.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175543413","display_name":"Optical Engineering","issn_l":"0091-3286","issn":["0091-3286","1560-2303"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Optical-Engineering/volume-57/issue-10/101705/Starting-point-designs-for-freeform-four-mirror-systems/10.1117/1.OE.57.10.101705.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066966391","display_name":"Jonathan C. Papa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7455-7042","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7455-7042"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5388228","display_name":"University of Rochester","ror":"https://ror.org/022kthw22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan C. Papa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Rochester","University of Rochester, Institute of Optics, Rochester, New York"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7455-7042","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Rochester","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rochester, Institute of Optics, Rochester, New York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111445231","display_name":"Joseph M. Howard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6654","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6654"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306266525","display_name":"Goddard Space Flight Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0171mag52","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124779","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph M. Howard","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr","NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6654","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306266525"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004153189","display_name":"Jannick P. Rolland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2747-4022","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2747-4022"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5388228","display_name":"University of Rochester","ror":"https://ror.org/022kthw22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jannick P. Rolland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Rochester","University of Rochester, Institute of Optics, Rochester, New York"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2747-4022","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Rochester","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rochester, Institute of Optics, Rochester, New York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2019,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87121492,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"10","first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11517","display_name":"Advanced optical system design","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11517","display_name":"Advanced optical system design","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11484","display_name":"Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astigmatism-correction","display_name":"astigmatism correction","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freeform-optics","display_name":"freeform optics","score":0.4519999921321869}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56034020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071734","display_name":"Paraxial approximation","level":3,"score":0.71620774269104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16038011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62912","display_name":"Cartesian coordinate system","level":2,"score":0.6748780012130737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.6507581472396851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108598597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124255","display_name":"Conic section","level":2,"score":0.6477779746055603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779844322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2919140","display_name":"Tilt (camera)","level":2,"score":0.6062594652175903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5931891202926636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5352559685707092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5170329213142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.49622803926467896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14740026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136665","display_name":"Vignetting","level":3,"score":0.4933606684207916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130432447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11420049","display_name":"Quartic function","level":2,"score":0.4747258424758911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.46402958035469055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81253797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1506584","display_name":"Curved mirror","level":2,"score":0.4392857253551483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4370347261428833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150627866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076893","display_name":"Field of view","level":2,"score":0.43640390038490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78336883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4779385","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","level":2,"score":0.4352016746997833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97546620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1656807","display_name":"Nonimaging optics","level":2,"score":0.429755836725235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.37399595975875854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.2993449866771698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2391979694366455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.1810939908027649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.10272911190986633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09424450993537903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.08512374758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/1.oe.57.10.101705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.57.10.101705","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.57.10.101705","pdf_url":"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Optical-Engineering/volume-57/issue-10/101705/Starting-point-designs-for-freeform-four-mirror-systems/10.1117/1.OE.57.10.101705.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175543413","display_name":"Optical Engineering","issn_l":"0091-3286","issn":["0091-3286","1560-2303"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/1.oe.57.10.101705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.57.10.101705","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.57.10.101705","pdf_url":"https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/journals/Optical-Engineering/volume-57/issue-10/101705/Starting-point-designs-for-freeform-four-mirror-systems/10.1117/1.OE.57.10.101705.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175543413","display_name":"Optical Engineering","issn_l":"0091-3286","issn":["0091-3286","1560-2303"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Optical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391249918","display_name":"I/UCRC:  Collaborative Research: Center for Freeform Optics","funder_award_id":"1338877","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8065805070","display_name":"FOUR-MIRROR FREEFORM REFLECTIVE IMAGING SYSTEMS CENTRAL OBJECTIVES: THE RESEARCH INVOLVES A REVELATION OF THE SOLUTION SPACE FOR REVOLUTIONARY FAMILIES OF FOUR-MIRROR FREEFORM REFLECTIVE IMAGING SYSTEMS. A FREEFORM OPTICAL SYSTEM IS ONE THAT LACKS ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY  MEANING THERE IS NO CONSTRAINT ON THE SURFACE SHAPE OF THE MIRRORS. FREEFORM DESIGNS CAN MITIGATE THE DISADVANTAGES THAT PREVENT REFLECTIVE SYSTEMS FROM BEING USED IN LARGER FIELD OF VIEW APPLICATIONS BY YIELDING UNOBSCURED DESIGNS AND LEVERAGING THE ADDED FREEDOM OF SURFACE SHAPE TO BETTER CORRECT THE OPTICAL ABERRATIONS IN THE SYSTEM. FREEFORM DESIGNS ARE MADE UNOBSCURED BY BREAKING THE AXIS OF ROTATIONAL-SYMMETRY AND TILTING THE INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS THEMSELVES. THEY DO NOT REQUIRE AN OFFSET APERTURE OR FIELD BIAS  WHICH BRINGS A UNIQUE ADVANTAGE IN THE CORRECTION OF OPTICAL ABERRATIONS. BY GETTING THE MIRRORS OUT OF THEIR OWN WAY  MORE SURFACES CAN BE INTRODUCED. WHEN COMPARED TO ALTERNATE SOLUTIONS  WHETHER IT IS A ROTATIONALLY SYMMETRIC SYSTEM OR AN UNOBSCURED SYSTEM WITH THE SAME NUMBER OF ELEMENTS  AN INCREASED DIFFRACTION-LIMITED FIELD OF VIEW HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED IN OUR GROUP S RESEARCH. METHODS/TECHNIQUES: THE EXPLORATION OF THE SOLUTION SPACE WILL BE ACCOMPLISHED BY EXPANDING UPON THE WORK OF ANDREW RAKICH  WHO DERIVED THE ANALYTICAL SOLUTION SPACE FOR FOUR-MIRROR ANASTIGMAT TELESCOPES. THE SYSTEMS THAT ARE YIELDED FROM HIS METHOD HAVE SPHERICAL SURFACES AND AN AXIS OF ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY. THESE DESIGNS WILL BE USED AS STARTING POINTS FOR SUBSEQUENT FREEFORM DESIGNS. LENS DESIGN SOFTWARE WILL BE USED TO OPTIMIZE THE DESIGN AS THE ELEMENTS ARE TILTED. WHEN TILTING ELEMENTS  VERY STRONG ASTIGMATISM IS INTRODUCED. THEREFORE  TOROIDAL BASE MIRRORS FOR THE FREEFORM SURFACES ARE NEEDED FOR CORRECTION. ZERNIKE POLYNOMIALS ARE THEN INTRODUCED TO THE TOROIDAL BASE SHAPES TO FURTHER CORRECT THE SYSTEM. THE RESEARCH AIMS TO EXPLORE A VARIETY OF TARGETED RESEARCH QUESTIONS THAT AIM TO ADDRESS SPACE TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES. THE SENSITIVITY OF THE DESIGNS FROM THE SOLUTION SPACE TO COMMON TOLERANCES WILL BE STUDIED USING FULL-FIELD DISPLAYS THAT ISOLATE EACH ABERRATION AND SHOW ITS DEPENDENCE OVER THE FIELD  COMBINED WITH NODAL ABERRATION THEORY THAT PUTS TOLERANCES IN LINEAR SPACE  MAKING THE SENSITIVITY CALCULATION EFFICIENT AND COMPLETE. SPECIAL ATTENTION WILL BE PAID TO GEOMETRIES THAT MAY BE MORE CONDUCIVE TO STRAY LIGHT REDUCTION THROUGH THE USE OF BAFFLES. SIMILARLY  OTHER GEOMETRIES MAY BE MORE CONDUCIVE TO RADIATION SHIELDING BY USING THE MIRROR SUBSTRATES THEMSELVES AS PART OF THE SHIELDING. THE ADDED FLEXIBILITY OF FOLDING GEOMETRY ALLOWS FOR THE DESIGN TO BE TAILORED TO SYSTEM ENGINEERING CONSTRAINTS THAT COULD NOT BE ADDRESSED WITH ROTATIONALLY SYMMETRIC SYSTEMS OR UNOBSCURED NON-FREEFORM SYSTEMS. DESIGN APPROACHES TO ACHIEVE THESE CHARACTERISTICS WILL BE DEVELOPED. SIGNIFICANCE: THIS RESEARCH WILL ADDRESS NASA INTERESTS AS PER THE JULY 2015 TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP ITEM TA 8.2.1.3. A KEY  DRIVING ASPECT OF THIS WORK WILL BE TO FOCUS ON REVEALING KEY FLAT FIELD  LARGE  LOW COST  LIGHTWEIGHT PRECISION MONOLITHIC MIRRORS THAT PROVIDE A HIGH DEGREE OF THERMAL AND DYNAMIC STABILITY  AND WAVEFRONT SENSING AND CONTROL FOR ULTRA-STABLE LARGE-APERTURE UV/VISIBLE/NEAR-IR TELESCOPES.  THIS RESEARCH IS DIRECTLY RELEVANT TO THE  OBSERVATORIES  LEVEL 2 TABS ELEMENT  8.2. MORE SPECIFICALLY  IT IS RELEVANT TO THE LEVEL 3 TABS ELEMENT  MIRROR SYSTEMS.  THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS WORK IS TO PROVIDE IMAGING SYSTEM DESIGNS WITH LARGER DIFFRACTIONLIMITED ETENDUES THAN THE STATE-OF-THE-ART  (MEANING LARGER APERTURES AND FIELDS OF VIEW)  WHICH WILL MAKE THE MOST OF LIMITED PACKAGE SIZES AND MASS CONSTRAINTS. THIS WILL ADVANCE THE OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ON SPACE PROBES AS WELL AS OBSERVATORIES ON THE GROUND TOWARDS NEW SPACE DISCOVERIES AND KNOWLEDGE","funder_award_id":"NNX16AM90H","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8496923242","display_name":"I/UCRC:  Collaborative Research: Center for Freeform Optics","funder_award_id":"1338898","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2809783833.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2809783833.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973008820","https://openalex.org/W1980733262","https://openalex.org/W1985345107","https://openalex.org/W1996296703","https://openalex.org/W2011133629","https://openalex.org/W2015648109","https://openalex.org/W2039584402","https://openalex.org/W2050957356","https://openalex.org/W2052230095","https://openalex.org/W2059000268","https://openalex.org/W2063659133","https://openalex.org/W2126815122","https://openalex.org/W2587848661","https://openalex.org/W2800507607","https://openalex.org/W3017018800"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2808962520","https://openalex.org/W4394567498","https://openalex.org/W4404788017","https://openalex.org/W2947884938","https://openalex.org/W4294266861","https://openalex.org/W2948495240","https://openalex.org/W4378807651","https://openalex.org/W2800507607","https://openalex.org/W3110238282","https://openalex.org/W4412829083"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Driven":[0],"by":[1],"the":[2,45,59,81,97,101,115,135,138,148,156,172,175,180,184,192],"development":[3],"of":[4,22,33,130,137,147,174,194],"freeform":[5,51],"four-mirror":[6],"solutions,":[7],"we":[8],"review":[9],"and":[10,27,31,42,113],"compare":[11],"analytical":[12],"methods":[13],"to":[14,47,100,108,126,133,154],"generate":[15,49],"starting":[16,52,68],"point":[17,53,69],"designs":[18,54,70],"with":[19,90,96,183],"various":[20],"states":[21],"correction,":[23],"surface":[24],"types,":[25],"symmetry,":[26],"obscuration.":[28],"The":[29,64],"advantages":[30],"disadvantages":[32],"each":[34,165],"are":[35,56,71,106,124,143],"examined.":[36],"We":[37],"have":[38],"combined":[39],"several":[40],"concepts":[41],"techniques":[43],"from":[44,119],"literature":[46],"analytically":[48],"unobscured":[50],"that":[55,77,142],"corrected":[57],"through":[58],"third-order":[60,158],"image":[61,78,159],"degrading":[62,160],"aberrations.":[63,161],"surfaces":[65],"in":[66,152],"these":[67],"described":[72],"as":[73,87,179],"base":[74,149,181,185],"off-axis":[75],"conics":[76],"stigmatically":[79],"for":[80],"central":[82],"field":[83],"point,":[84],"also":[85,177],"known":[86,178],"Cartesian":[88,102,150],"reflectors,":[89,151],"an":[91,120],"aspheric":[92,139,166],"departure":[93,140,167],"\u201ccap\u201d":[94,168],"(quartic":[95],"aperture)":[98],"added":[99],"reflectors.":[103],"Tilt":[104],"angles":[105],"chosen":[107],"cancel":[109],"field-asymmetric":[110],"field-linear":[111],"astigmatism":[112],"unobscure":[114],"system.":[116],"Paraxial":[117],"data":[118],"equivalent":[121],"on-axis":[122],"system":[123,129],"used":[125],"solve":[127],"a":[128],"linear":[131],"equations":[132],"determine":[134],"magnitude":[136],"\u201ccaps\u201d":[141],"placed":[144],"on":[145],"top":[146],"order":[153],"eliminate":[155],"remaining":[157],"In":[162],"this":[163],"approach,":[164],"is":[169],"centered":[170,190],"about":[171,191],"intersection":[173],"optical-axis-ray,":[176],"ray,":[182],"surface,":[186],"rather":[187],"than":[188],"being":[189],"axis":[193],"rotational":[195],"invariance.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2018-07-10T00:00:00"}