{"id":"https://openalex.org/W280876423","doi":null,"title":"Tort Law Considerations for the Hydrogen Economy","display_name":"Tort Law Considerations for the Hydrogen Economy","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W280876423","mag":"280876423"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:280876423","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-499329311/tort-law-considerations-for-the-hydrogen-economy","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765048081","display_name":"Energy law journal","issn_l":"0270-9163","issn":["0270-9163"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Energy law journal","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031917843","display_name":"Russell Moy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Russell Moy","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031917843"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2627,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94509912,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"2","first_page":"349","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13758","display_name":"Energy Law and Policy","score":0.3621000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13758","display_name":"Energy Law and Policy","score":0.3621000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12669","display_name":"Comparative International Legal Studies","score":0.2395000010728836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12982","display_name":"Legal principles and applications","score":0.20730000734329224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-economy","display_name":"hydrogen economy","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tort-law","display_name":"tort law","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-cells","display_name":"fuel cells","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-storage","display_name":"hydrogen storage","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-distribution","display_name":"hydrogen distribution","score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negligence","display_name":"negligence","score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product-liability","display_name":"product liability","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-safety","display_name":"hydrogen safety","score":0.3799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-leakage","display_name":"hydrogen leakage","score":0.3440000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-embrittlement","display_name":"hydrogen embrittlement","score":0.414000004529953}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39380314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478859","display_name":"Hydrogen economy","level":4,"score":0.6026422381401062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200635333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158970","display_name":"Tort","level":3,"score":0.5134761929512024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542482507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1854358","display_name":"Hydrogen technologies","level":5,"score":0.5074915289878845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9682599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11549077","display_name":"Hydrogen fuel","level":3,"score":0.48501870036125183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.4719723165035248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776003135","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333727","display_name":"Publicity","level":2,"score":0.448953777551651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777172336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2700433","display_name":"Energy security","level":3,"score":0.44310498237609863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.40256208181381226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3968985974788666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.37974581122398376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.3217475712299347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987658370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180253","display_name":"Fuel cells","level":2,"score":0.26366642117500305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2525298297405243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.232689768075943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.16142719984054565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:280876423","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-499329311/tort-law-considerations-for-the-hydrogen-economy","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765048081","display_name":"Energy law journal","issn_l":"0270-9163","issn":["0270-9163"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Energy law journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9090999960899353,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"score":0.46149998903274536,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W274789763","https://openalex.org/W2088562241","https://openalex.org/W3126764773","https://openalex.org/W2784370172","https://openalex.org/W3197412595","https://openalex.org/W2000620920","https://openalex.org/W1712550681","https://openalex.org/W7099381184","https://openalex.org/W4248528767","https://openalex.org/W2940232207"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"I.":[0],"Hydrogen":[1],"and":[2,15,79,110,158,183,250,308,342,390,452,456,545],"fuel":[3,227,275,294,335,367,388,517,525,560],"cell":[4,276,295,561],"technologies":[5,25,102],"are":[6,85,107,113,231,253,306,314,327,337,397,446,457,490,543],"being":[7,491],"championed":[8],"as":[9,162,192,303,324,346,371,431],"the":[10,39,60,67,104,119,126,137,154,197,212,215,222,226,248,268,288,301,347,360,412,449,470,498],"way":[11],"to":[12,49,70,97,103,150,164,208,233,242,448,479,484,519],"further":[13],"environmental":[14],"national":[16],"security":[17],"policy":[18,30,123],"objectives.1":[19],"The":[20,143,219,329],"widespread":[21,98],"enthusiasm":[22],"accompanying":[23],"these":[24,440],"is":[26,225,310,369,373,403],"apparent":[27],"in":[28,34,47,153,196,211,235,272,319,332,407,531,556],"recent":[29],"initiatives.2":[31],"For":[32],"example,":[33],"his":[35],"2003":[36],"State":[37,77],"of":[38,59,63,82,100,118,141,147,160,172,199,214,221,439,472,497,533,541],"Union":[40],"Address,":[41],"President":[42],"Bush":[43],"proposed":[44,422],"$1.2":[45],"billion":[46],"funding":[48],"develop":[50,71],"clean":[51],"hydrogen-powered":[52],"automobiles.3":[53],"In":[54,245],"January":[55],"2002,":[56],"Secretary":[57],"Abraham":[58],"U.S.":[61],"Department":[62],"Energy":[64],"(DOE)":[65],"announced":[66],"Administration's":[68],"plan":[69],"a":[72,80,92,246,279,374,437,506],"hydrogen":[73,101,127,148,216,223,357,387,423,485,542,554],"fueled":[74],"Freedom":[75],"CAR.4":[76],"governments5":[78],"number":[81],"industrial":[83],"firms6":[84],"also":[86],"involved.":[87],"These":[88,203,379],"programs":[89],"have":[90,206,382,421],"created":[91],"fervor":[93],"where":[94],"potential":[95],"obstacles":[96],"deployment":[99],"general":[105],"public":[106],"rarely":[108],"discussed":[109],"liability":[111],"implications":[112],"seldom":[114],"considered.":[115],"Furthermore,":[116,395],"none":[117],"current":[120,384],"studies":[121],"or":[122,167,195,290,482,523,536,550,558],"initiatives":[124],"on":[125,427,488],"economy":[128,224],"address":[129],"tort":[130,173],"liabilities":[131],"that":[132,236,266,400,445],"could":[133,187,415],"be":[134,209,259,505],"associated":[135,176,410,468],"with":[136,177,261,344,411,459,469,514,521],"unique":[138,144],"physical":[139,145],"properties":[140,146],"hydrogen.":[142],"lead":[149],"significant":[151],"differences":[152],"use,":[155],"hazard":[156],"detection,":[157],"likelihood":[159],"injuries":[161],"compared":[163],"other":[165,551],"conventional":[166,522],"alternative":[168,524],"fuels.":[169],"Therefore,":[170],"consideration":[171],"law":[174],"issues":[175],"hydrogen,":[178,343],"including":[179],"negligence,":[180],"products":[181,252,305],"liability,":[182],"abnormally":[184],"dangerous":[185],"activity":[186],"impose":[188],"additional":[189,204,325],"operational":[190],"costs":[191,205,461],"insurance":[193],"premiums":[194],"management":[198],"potentially":[200],"adverse":[201],"publicity.":[202],"yet":[207],"considered":[210],"discussion":[213],"economy.":[217],"II.":[218],"heart":[220],"cell.":[228],"Fuel":[229,312],"cells":[230,313,336,368,389],"similar":[232],"batteries":[234,257],"they":[237,494],"chemically":[238],"combine":[239],"two":[240],"reactants":[241,249,289,299,326,330],"generate":[243],"electricity.7":[244],"battery,":[247],"reaction":[251,291,304,348],"permanently":[254,285],"contained.":[255],"Some":[256,419],"can":[258,321],"recharged":[260],"an":[262],"external":[263],"power":[264],"supply":[265],"drives":[267],"discharge":[269],"chemical":[270,428,511],"reactions":[271],"reverse.":[273],"A":[274,293,350],"differs":[277],"from":[278,340],"battery":[280],"because":[281,358,401,493],"it":[282,503],"does":[283],"not":[284,315],"contain":[286],"either":[287],"products.8":[292],"operates":[296],"by":[297],"pumping":[298],"into":[300],"cell,":[302],"vented":[307],"electricity":[309],"generated.":[311],"electrically":[316],"rechargeable":[317],"but,":[318],"principle,":[320],"operate":[322],"indefinitely":[323],"supplied.":[328],"used":[331,555],"virtually":[333],"all":[334],"oxygen,":[338],"obtained":[339],"air,":[341],"water":[345,404,565],"product.":[349],"few":[351,438],"experimental":[352],"systems":[353,425,441,526],"substitute":[354],"methanol":[355,366,372,402,483],"for":[356,364,462,508],"engineering":[359],"reactant":[361],"storage":[362,408],"system":[363],"direct":[365],"simplified":[370],"liquid":[375],"at":[376,435],"room":[377],"temperatures.9":[378],"systems,":[380],"however,":[381],"lower":[383],"densities":[385],"than":[386],"produce":[391],"carbon":[392],"dioxide":[393],"(CO2).":[394],"there":[396],"serious":[398],"concerns":[399],"soluble,":[405],"leaks":[406],"tanks":[409],"distribution":[413,424],"infrastructure":[414],"contaminate":[416],"groundwater":[417],"supplies.10":[418],"engineers":[420],"based":[426],"compounds":[429],"such":[430],"sodium":[432],"hydride.11":[433],"However,":[434,502],"least":[436],"involve":[442],"recycling":[443],"procedures":[444],"subject":[447],"Resource":[450],"Conservation":[451],"Recovery":[453],"Act":[454],"(RCRA),":[455],"burdened":[458],"compliance":[460],"Environmental":[463],"Protection":[464],"Agency":[465],"(EPA)":[466],"regulations":[467],"handling":[471],"hazardous":[473],"wastes.12":[474],"Devices":[475],"called":[476],"reformers,":[477],"designed":[478],"convert":[480],"gasoline":[481],"(and":[486],"CO2)":[487],"demand,":[489],"developed,":[492],"take":[495],"advantage":[496],"existing":[499],"energy":[500],"infrastructure.13":[501],"will":[504],"challenge":[507],"those":[509],"self-contained":[510],"plants,":[512],"combined":[513],"already":[515],"expensive":[516],"cells,":[518],"compete":[520],"(e.g.,":[527],"natural":[528],"gas,":[529],"batteries)":[530],"terms":[532],"cost,":[534],"weight,":[535],"packaging":[537],"volume.":[538],"Certain":[539],"characteristics":[540],"attractive":[544],"widely":[546],"touted.":[547],"Unlike":[548],"petroleum":[549],"hydrocarbon":[552],"fuels,":[553],"vehicles":[557],"stationary":[559],"applications":[562],"produces":[563],"only":[564],"vapor":[566],"emissions.":[567],"\u2026":[568]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-10-10T17:16:08.811792","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
