{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2808402909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su10062031","title":"Green City Concept and a Method to Measure Green City Performance over Time Applied to Fifty Cities Globally: Influence of GDP, Population Size and Energy Efficiency","display_name":"Green City Concept and a Method to Measure Green City Performance over Time Applied to Fifty Cities Globally: Influence of GDP, Population Size and Energy Efficiency","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2808402909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su10062031","mag":"2808402909"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su10062031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su10062031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10062031","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/6/2031/pdf?version=1529052662","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/6/2031/pdf?version=1529052662","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037142255","display_name":"Ogenis Magno Brilhante","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8139-8473","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8139-8473"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","display_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/057w15z03","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ogenis Brilhante","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies, (IHS), Erasmus University Rotterdam, (EUR), 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies, (IHS), Erasmus University Rotterdam, (EUR), 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075930918","display_name":"Jannes Klaas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","display_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/057w15z03","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jannes Klaas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies, (IHS) and Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies, (IHS) and Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037142255"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":15.5121,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":155,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99081858,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"6","first_page":"2031","last_page":"2031"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12013","display_name":"Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy","score":0.6855000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12013","display_name":"Sustainable Development and Environmental Policy","score":0.6855000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13909","display_name":"Environmental Quality and Pollution","score":0.05169999971985817,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13477","display_name":"Sustainable Design and Development","score":0.04320000112056732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/green-cities","display_name":"green cities","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-sustainability","display_name":"urban sustainability","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/livable-cities","display_name":"urban livability","score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gross-domestic-product","display_name":"gross domestic product","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-size","display_name":"population size","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-efficiency","display_name":"energy efficiency","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-efficiency","display_name":"resource efficiency","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sanitation","display_name":"sanitation","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-quality","display_name":"air quality","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conceptual-framework","display_name":"conceptual framework","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-cities","display_name":"global cities","score":0.3529999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.5744640231132507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.5539016723632812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780032489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q652360","display_name":"Sustainable city","level":3,"score":0.5521921515464783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776545233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064858","display_name":"Desk","level":2,"score":0.5409482717514038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.47719085216522217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.45618075132369995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.4376155436038971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4104117155075073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.38320526480674744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49545453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883","display_name":"Urban planning","level":2,"score":0.31334301829338074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.31246817111968994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2925183176994324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.25998541712760925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.15964096784591675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.08511325716972351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.07742384076118469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/su10062031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su10062031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10062031","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/6/2031/pdf?version=1529052662","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:eur:oai:repub.eur.nl:108885","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1765/108885","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196287","display_name":"RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","host_organization_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:10:y:2018:i:6:p:2031-:d:152734","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/6/2031/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7c9405019e6044bf87577b35a9c83c21","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7c9405019e6044bf87577b35a9c83c21","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability, Vol 10, Iss 6, p 2031 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repub.eur.nl:108885","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://repub.eur.nl/pub/108885","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196287","display_name":"RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","host_organization_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability (Switzerland) vol. 10 no. 6","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su10062031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su10062031","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10062031","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/6/2031/pdf?version=1529052662","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"},{"score":0.8130999803543091,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2808402909.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2808402909.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1509871625","https://openalex.org/W1584531831","https://openalex.org/W1632182124","https://openalex.org/W1990462174","https://openalex.org/W1995894768","https://openalex.org/W2010817934","https://openalex.org/W2079238586","https://openalex.org/W2086993302","https://openalex.org/W2585122724","https://openalex.org/W2594860480"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4284988677","https://openalex.org/W4313067673","https://openalex.org/W2619545094","https://openalex.org/W1990513680","https://openalex.org/W2741103219","https://openalex.org/W4366977556","https://openalex.org/W2994151381","https://openalex.org/W3165339212","https://openalex.org/W4414381310","https://openalex.org/W2951185904"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"are":[1,18,113],"many":[2],"concepts":[3],"and":[4,27,57,83,87,109,140,157,159,190],"methods":[5],"trying":[6],"to":[7,29,33,61,92,96,115,123],"accommodate":[8],"the":[9,43,73,101,121,130,167,177],"growth":[10],"of":[11,42,45,75,80,174],"cities":[12,125],"without":[13],"impairing":[14],"sustainability.":[15],"However,":[16],"most":[17],"too":[19],"complex,":[20],"cannot":[21],"measure":[22,62,93],"green":[23,84,94,103,135,164,178],"performance":[24,166],"over":[25,67,105],"time":[26,68],"fail":[28],"deliver":[30],"actionable":[31,187],"advice":[32],"decision-makers.":[34],"The":[35,70,169],"Green":[36,52,64,148],"City":[37,53,65,149],"Concept":[38],"(GCC)":[39],"is":[40,137],"one":[41,186],"latest":[44],"these":[46],"concepts.":[47],"This":[48],"paper":[49,131,170],"introduces":[50],"a":[51,58,78,134,172],"Conceptual":[54],"Framework":[55],"(IHS-GCCF)":[56],"harmonized":[59],"method":[60,122],"Global":[63],"Performance":[66],"(GGCPI).":[69],"IHS-GCCF":[71,86],"highlights":[72],"importance":[74],"energy":[76],"as":[77],"steward":[79],"resource":[81],"efficiency":[82],"performance.":[85],"GGCPI":[88],"can":[89],"be":[90],"used":[91],"performance,":[95],"explain":[97],"possible":[98],"factors":[99],"influencing":[100],"calculated":[102],"performances":[104],"time,":[106],"set":[107],"targets":[108],"track":[110],"achievements.":[111],"They":[112],"adaptable":[114],"individual":[116],"city":[117,136,165,179],"needs.":[118],"By":[119],"applying":[120],"fifty":[124],"worldwide":[126],"through":[127],"desk":[128],"research,":[129],"shows":[132,144],"that":[133,145],"also":[138,143],"sustainable":[139],"liveable.":[141],"It":[142,181],"GDP":[146],"influences":[147,154],"Performances":[150],"positively,":[151],"population":[152],"size":[153],"it":[155],"negatively":[156],"sanitation":[158],"air":[160],"quality":[161],"sectors":[162],"influence":[163],"most.":[168],"addresses":[171],"range":[173],"gaps":[175],"in":[176],"field.":[180],"consolidates":[182],"prior":[183],"research":[184],"into":[185],"conceptual":[188],"framework":[189],"method.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2018-06-21T00:00:00"}
