{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2807569540","doi":null,"title":"Efficient human annotation schemes for training object class detectors","display_name":"Efficient human annotation schemes for training object class detectors","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-07-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2807569540","mag":"2807569540"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:era.ed.ac.uk:1842/31088","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31088","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055182","display_name":"ERA","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis or Dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Dimitrios Papadopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5547-6474","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5547-6474"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dimitrios Papadopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5547-6474","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.8740000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.8740000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.08919999748468399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.011900000274181366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-class-detection","display_name":"object class detection","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manual-annotation","display_name":"manual annotation","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation-cost-reduction","display_name":"annotation cost reduction","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"eye tracking","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-fixations","display_name":"eye fixations","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weakly-supervised-learning","display_name":"weakly supervised learning","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/person-verification","display_name":"human verification","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-box-localization","display_name":"bounding box localization","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-level-labels","display_name":"image-level labels","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-segmentation","display_name":"object segmentation","score":0.3779999911785126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.7106610536575317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6282085180282593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5907953381538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4742400050163269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46811598539352417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.44652417302131653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.41475069522857666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.32239413261413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.22384029626846313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1053662896156311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:era.ed.ac.uk:1842/31088","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31088","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055182","display_name":"ERA","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis or Dissertation"},{"id":"mag:2807569540","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/31088","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2275212655","https://openalex.org/W2951355585","https://openalex.org/W67472587","https://openalex.org/W3114895999","https://openalex.org/W4291325848","https://openalex.org/W2338138401","https://openalex.org/W2963934231","https://openalex.org/W3037526582","https://openalex.org/W4411244861","https://openalex.org/W3087492316"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"central":[1],"task":[2,159,345],"in":[3,15,59,237,314],"computer":[4],"vision":[5],"is":[6,46,70,346,372],"detecting":[7],"object":[8,20,37,91,112,119,167,182,196,232,285,291],"classes":[9],"such":[10,40],"as":[11,217,309,311,392],"cars":[12],"and":[13,49,84,102,141,160,234,250,301,341,356,383],"horses":[14],"complex":[16],"scenes.":[17],"Training":[18],"an":[19,180,267],"class":[21,92,120,197],"detector":[22],"typically":[23,228],"requires":[24,42,201],"a":[25,60,163,192,218,222,282,315],"large":[26],"set":[27],"of":[28,127,151,266,353,380,388],"images":[29],"labeled":[30],"with":[31,185,369],"tight":[32,129],"bounding":[33,100,130,168,269,292,416],"boxes":[34,101,169,293,355,382,387],"around":[35],"every":[36],"instance.":[38],"Obtaining":[39],"data":[41],"human":[43,86,215,302],"annotation,":[44],"which":[45,69,199,227,271],"very":[47],"expensive":[48],"time":[50],"consuming.":[51],"Alternatively,":[52],"researchers":[53],"have":[54],"tried":[55],"to":[56,75,117,136,203,246,261,288,328,361,386,407],"train":[57,118],"models":[58],"weakly":[61,224,283],"supervised":[62,225,284,317],"setting":[63],"(i.e.,":[64],"given":[65],"only":[66,134,200],"image-level":[67],"labels),":[68],"much":[71],"cheaper":[72],"but":[73],"leads":[74,385],"weaker":[76],"detectors.":[77,113],"In":[78],"this":[79,156],"thesis,":[80],"we":[81,115,161,178,190,253,320,401],"propose":[82,116,162,191,254,321],"new":[83,219],"efficient":[85],"annotation":[87,105],"schemes":[88,304],"for":[89,98,165,194],"training":[90,195,239,296],"detectors":[93,121,233,306],"that":[94,366],"bypass":[95],"the":[96,104,132,139,143,148,209,238,243,264,274,326,335,337,350,377,389,393,397,403],"need":[97,135],"drawing":[99,128,354,381],"reduce":[103],"cost":[106],"while":[107,153],"still":[108],"obtaining":[109],"high":[110],"quality":[111,391],"First,":[114],"from":[122,170,415],"eye":[123,149,172,186],"tracking":[124,187],"data.":[125,188],"Instead":[126],"boxes,":[131],"annotators":[133,152,202,258],"look":[137],"at":[138],"image":[140],"find":[142],"target":[144],"object.":[145,275],"We":[146,241,276,324],"track":[147],"movements":[150],"they":[154],"perform":[155],"visual":[157],"search":[158],"technique":[164],"deriving":[166],"these":[171,279,357],"fixations.":[173],"To":[174],"validate":[175],"our":[176,299],"idea,":[177],"augment":[179],"existing":[181],"detection":[183],"dataset":[184],"Second,":[189],"scheme":[193,213,256],"detectors,":[198],"verify":[204],"bounding-boxes":[205],"produced":[206],"automatically":[207],"by":[208],"learning":[210],"algorithm.":[211],"Our":[212,363],"introduces":[214],"verification":[216,244,303],"step":[220],"into":[221,281],"standard":[223],"framework":[226],"iterates":[229],"between":[230],"re-training":[231,249],"re-localizing":[235],"objects":[236,368],"images.":[240,297],"use":[242,402],"signal":[245],"improve":[247],"both":[248],"re-localization.":[251],"Third,":[252],"another":[255],"where":[257],"are":[259,359],"asked":[260],"click":[262,329],"on":[263,330,334],"center":[265],"imaginary":[268],"box,":[270],"tightly":[272],"encloses":[273],"then":[277],"incorporate":[278],"clicks":[280],"localization":[286],"technique,":[287],"jointly":[289],"localize":[290],"over":[294],"all":[295],"Both":[298],"center-clicking":[300],"deliver":[305],"performing":[307],"almost":[308],"well":[310],"those":[312,413],"trained":[313],"fully":[316],"setting.":[318],"Finally,":[319],"extreme":[322,370,405],"clicking.":[323],"ask":[325],"annotator":[327],"four":[331],"physical":[332],"points":[333,358,406],"object:":[336],"top,":[338],"bottom,":[339],"left-":[340],"right-most":[342],"points.":[343],"This":[344],"more":[347,409],"natural":[348],"than":[349,376,412],"traditional":[351,378,398],"way":[352,379],"easy":[360],"find.":[362],"experiments":[364],"show":[365],"annotating":[367],"clicking":[371],"5":[373],"X":[374],"faster":[375],"it":[384],"same":[390],"original":[394],"ground-truth":[395],"drawn":[396],"way.":[399],"Moreover,":[400],"resulting":[404],"obtain":[408],"accurate":[410],"segmentations":[411],"derived":[414],"boxes.":[417]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2018-06-13T00:00:00"}