{"id":"https://openalex.org/W280623553","doi":null,"title":"Antibiotic sale behaviour in Nairobi: a contributing factor to antimicrobial drug resistance.","display_name":"Antibiotic sale behaviour in Nairobi: a contributing factor to antimicrobial drug resistance.","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W280623553","mag":"280623553","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9185415"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:9185415","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9185415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"East African medical journal","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067064294","display_name":"A A Indalo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12859529","display_name":"University of Nairobi","ror":"https://ror.org/02y9nww90","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A A Indalo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067064294"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2782,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56339153,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"3","first_page":"171","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10897","display_name":"Antibiotic Use and Resistance","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10897","display_name":"Antibiotic Use and Resistance","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13970","display_name":"Pharmacy and Medical Practices","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3611","display_name":"Pharmacy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11649","display_name":"Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2910","display_name":"Issues, ethics and legal aspects"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-resistance","display_name":"antimicrobial resistance","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prescription-requirement","display_name":"prescription requirement","score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underdosing","display_name":"underdosing","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-labeling","display_name":"drug labeling","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole","display_name":"trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nairobi","display_name":"Nairobi","score":0.6489999890327454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7350375056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779714115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593644","display_name":"Chemist","level":2,"score":0.6592295169830322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992181568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431289","display_name":"Brand names","level":2,"score":0.6382588148117065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2426938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3355478","display_name":"Medical prescription","level":2,"score":0.6237395405769348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.5847012996673584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4937899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106","display_name":"Antimicrobial","level":2,"score":0.4970851242542267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.44576936960220337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.33306944370269775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.23083916306495667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.19385910034179688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1408877968788147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.06679192185401917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000900","descriptor_name":"Anti-Bacterial Agents","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003132","descriptor_name":"Commerce","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003625","descriptor_name":"Data Collection","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004348","descriptor_name":"Drug Labeling","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004351","descriptor_name":"Drug Resistance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005607","descriptor_name":"Fraud","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007630","descriptor_name":"Kenya","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010593","descriptor_name":"Pharmaceutical Services","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011897","descriptor_name":"Random Allocation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014505","descriptor_name":"Urban Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:9185415","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9185415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"East African medical journal","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:11295/28314","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://profiles.uonbi.ac.ke/aindalo/publications/antibiotic-sale-behaviour-nairobi-contributing-factor-antimicrobial-drug-resist","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402107","display_name":"University of Nairobi Research Archive (University of Nairobi)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I12859529","host_organization_name":"University of Nairobi","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"mag:280623553","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9185415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2164556138","https://openalex.org/W2969851167","https://openalex.org/W2099911807","https://openalex.org/W2260777681","https://openalex.org/W4311284113","https://openalex.org/W4388788536","https://openalex.org/W3126193335","https://openalex.org/W2887089740","https://openalex.org/W2549916473","https://openalex.org/W2148662553"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"survey":[1],"of":[2,16,33,48,76,86,106,115,129,143,154,158],"antibiotic":[3,88],"sale":[4],"behaviour":[5],"in":[6,10,41,79,96,120],"retail":[7],"chemist":[8,51],"shops":[9,25,52],"Nairobi":[11],"revealed":[12],"that":[13],"about":[14],"64%":[15],"chemists":[17,78,108,138],"sell":[18],"antibiotics":[19],"without":[20,122],"prescriptions":[21],"from":[22],"doctors.":[23],"Most":[24],"sold":[26,55,110,119,132,139,151],"underdose":[27],"drugs":[28,117,131],"according":[29],"to":[30,62,90],"the":[31,34,49,56,60,66,77,80,84,91,103,107,116,130,141,147,149,155,162],"request":[32],"patient.":[35],"The":[36],"practice":[37],"is":[38],"more":[39],"common":[40],"peri-urban":[42,97],"than":[43],"city":[44,81],"centre":[45,82],"chemists.":[46],"Out":[47],"128":[50],"visited,":[53],"82":[54],"antibiotic,":[57],"33":[58],"sent":[59],"patients":[61,92],"go":[63],"and":[64,127],"see":[65],"doctors":[67],"while":[68,93],"13":[69],"did":[70,99],"both.":[71],"Sixty":[72],"eight":[73],"per":[74],"cent":[75],"recommended":[83],"taking":[85],"full":[87],"course":[89],"only":[94],"46%":[95],"centres":[98],"so.":[100],"Even":[101],"after":[102],"recommendation,":[104],"some":[105,157],"still":[109,160],"under":[111],"dose":[112],"drugs.":[113],"Some":[114],"were":[118,133],"envelopes":[121],"any":[123],"instruction":[124],"at":[125],"all":[126],"none":[128],"fully":[134],"labelled.":[135],"Only":[136],"seven":[137],"septrin,":[140],"brand":[142],"co-trimoxazole":[144],"requested":[145],"by":[146],"patients,":[148],"rest":[150],"various":[152],"brands":[153,163],"drug":[156],"whom":[159],"labelled":[161],"'septrin'.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}