{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2806065989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934718779168","title":"International Reparations for Slavery and the Slave Trade","display_name":"International Reparations for Slavery and the Slave Trade","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2806065989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934718779168","mag":"2806065989"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0021934718779168","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934718779168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934718779168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110151151","display_name":"Journal of Black Studies","issn_l":"0021-9347","issn":["0021-9347","1552-4566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Black Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002906043","display_name":"Thomas Craemer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2445-4002","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2445-4002"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Craemer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2445-4002","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002906043"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.3937,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96841655,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"49","issue":"7","first_page":"694","last_page":"713"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12144","display_name":"Colonialism, slavery, and trade","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12144","display_name":"Colonialism, slavery, and trade","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13070","display_name":"Cultural Identity and Heritage","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slavery-reparations","display_name":"reparations for slavery","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slave-trade","display_name":"slave trade","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/holocaust-reparations","display_name":"Holocaust reparations","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german-reparations","display_name":"German reparations","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/descendants-of-enslaved-people","display_name":"descendants of slaves","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reparations-negotiations","display_name":"reparations negotiations","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slavery-in-the-united-states","display_name":"slavery in the United States","score":0.42399999499320984}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199776023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202875","display_name":"Negotiation","level":2,"score":0.8520263433456421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.725258469581604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5580033659934998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5524064898490906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110361221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2763","display_name":"The Holocaust","level":2,"score":0.5005145072937012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020404949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878138","display_name":"Fur trade","level":2,"score":0.44470205903053284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.44429492950439453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.44125255942344666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.24014201760292053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.16205641627311707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.09062358736991882}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0021934718779168","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934718779168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934718779168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S110151151","display_name":"Journal of Black Studies","issn_l":"0021-9347","issn":["0021-9347","1552-4566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Black Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6207000017166138}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W604009050","https://openalex.org/W1040869609","https://openalex.org/W1574369001","https://openalex.org/W1581593882","https://openalex.org/W1978661022","https://openalex.org/W2032782364","https://openalex.org/W2070356557","https://openalex.org/W2073021900","https://openalex.org/W2082299178","https://openalex.org/W2084912296","https://openalex.org/W2143000095","https://openalex.org/W2157889400","https://openalex.org/W2164238138","https://openalex.org/W2168952616","https://openalex.org/W2321873726","https://openalex.org/W2492501277","https://openalex.org/W2493368460","https://openalex.org/W2523321987","https://openalex.org/W4205236989","https://openalex.org/W4388121799","https://openalex.org/W4402873245"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2923183998","https://openalex.org/W4390951816","https://openalex.org/W2789506154","https://openalex.org/W7061812699","https://openalex.org/W7165765756","https://openalex.org/W2250548442","https://openalex.org/W4405003492","https://openalex.org/W1567938847","https://openalex.org/W7025160737","https://openalex.org/W2970572607"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"compares":[2],"German":[3,119],"Holocaust":[4],"reparations":[5,7,24,43,56],"with":[6],"regarding":[8],"slavery":[9],"and":[10,18,27,62,75],"the":[11,15,45,63,68,71,106,112,131,134,140,143],"slave":[12,46],"trade":[13,47],"in":[14,32,60,96],"United":[16],"States":[17],"beyond.":[19],"I":[20,40,51],"review":[21],"many":[22],"historical":[23],"measures":[25],"(proposed":[26],"realized)":[28],"making":[29],"them":[30],"comparable":[31],"2016":[33],"U.S.":[34],"dollars.":[35],"Based":[36],"on":[37],"slave-ship":[38],"manifests,":[39],"investigate":[41],"how":[42],"for":[44,82,146],"may":[48],"be":[49,58,127],"distributed.":[50],"propose":[52],"that":[53,122],"European":[54],"slave-trade":[55],"could":[57],"used":[59],"Africa":[61],"New":[64],"World":[65],"to":[66,98,111,139],"indemnify":[67],"descendants":[69,107,113],"of":[70,108,114,133,142],"formerly":[72],"enslaved.":[73],"Total":[74],"per-recipient":[76],"amounts":[77],"provide":[78],"a":[79,123],"wide":[80],"range":[81,86],"possible":[83],"negotiations.":[84,147],"They":[85],"from":[87],"only":[88],"US$71.08":[89],"per":[90,101],"recipient":[91,102],"demanded":[92],"by":[93,105],"James":[94],"Forman":[95],"1969":[97],"US$3.6":[99],"million":[100],"actually":[103],"paid":[104],"Haiti\u2019s":[109],"enslaved":[110],"their":[115],"former":[116],"oppressors.":[117],"The":[118],"example":[120],"suggests":[121],"political":[124],"solution":[125],"can":[126],"worked":[128],"out":[129,138],"if":[130],"representatives":[132,141],"perpetrating":[135],"side":[136,145],"reach":[137],"victimized":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2018-06-13T00:00:00"}