{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2804425550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051619","title":"Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: Taxonomy, Research Challenges, Routing Strategies and Future Directions","display_name":"Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: Taxonomy, Research Challenges, Routing Strategies and Future Directions","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2804425550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051619","mag":"2804425550","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29783686","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5982538"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18051619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051619","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1619/pdf?version=1663824922","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1619/pdf?version=1663824922","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085751391","display_name":"Anwar Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0300-8553","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0300-8553"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12469534","display_name":"Quaid-i-Azam University","ror":"https://ror.org/04s9hft57","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36001604","display_name":"University of Peshawar","ror":"https://ror.org/02t2qwf81","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36001604"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anwar Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","Department of Electronics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar KPK 25000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0300-8553","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar KPK 25000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36001604"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066848056","display_name":"Ihsan Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9549-2540","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9549-2540"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ihsan Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer System and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kualalumpur 50603, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9549-2540","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer System and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kualalumpur 50603, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103786354","display_name":"A.K Ghani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143550","display_name":"Taylor's University","ror":"https://ror.org/0498pcx51","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Ghani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer System and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kualalumpur 50603, Malaysia","School of Computing and IT, Taylor\u2019s University, Kualalumpur 50603, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer System and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kualalumpur 50603, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and IT, Taylor\u2019s University, Kualalumpur 50603, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003815140","display_name":"Nawsher Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9058-4809","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9058-4809"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181063083","display_name":"Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan","ror":"https://ror.org/03b9y4e65","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181063083"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["PK","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nawsher Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collage of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia","Department of Computer Science, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9058-4809","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collage of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181063083"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037814812","display_name":"Mohammed Alsaqer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Alsaqer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Collage of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collage of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059014782","display_name":"Atiq Ur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5439-1121","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5439-1121"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118590987","display_name":"Northern Border University","ror":"https://ror.org/03j9tzj20","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atiq Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, Northern Border University, Rafha 11351, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5439-1121","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, Northern Border University, Rafha 11351, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033805437","display_name":"Hasan Mahmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0891-5881","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0891-5881"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12469534","display_name":"Quaid-i-Azam University","ror":"https://ror.org/04s9hft57","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasan Mahmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066848056","https://openalex.org/A5085751391","https://openalex.org/A5103786354"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12469534","https://openalex.org/I33849332","https://openalex.org/I36001604","https://openalex.org/I4210143550"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":8.3452,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":142,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98504863,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"5","first_page":"1619","last_page":"1619"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10246","display_name":"Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-wireless-sensor-networks","display_name":"underwater wireless sensor networks","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocols","display_name":"routing protocols","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustic-communication","display_name":"underwater acoustic communication","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-delay","display_name":"multipath delay","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-constraints","display_name":"energy constraints","score":0.4869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-monitoring","display_name":"underwater monitoring","score":0.43299999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.7212865352630615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6698194742202759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89305328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","level":4,"score":0.6187070608139038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.557676374912262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52837422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431028","display_name":"Interior gateway protocol","level":5,"score":0.5296459197998047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189884158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8073926","display_name":"Zone Routing Protocol","level":5,"score":0.5193578004837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196423136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7209671","display_name":"Policy-based routing","level":5,"score":0.5180920958518982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76522221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5035396","display_name":"Multipath routing","level":5,"score":0.5072221755981445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9659607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","level":4,"score":0.4881041944026947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47318570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8026863","display_name":"Wireless Routing Protocol","level":4,"score":0.4555678069591522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94600068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7371621","display_name":"Routing domain","level":5,"score":0.4304208755493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3293045163154602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.3109593391418457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18051619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051619","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1619/pdf?version=1663824922","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4940648","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5982538","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:29783686","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29783686","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5982538","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5982538/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.um.edu.my:21631","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.um.edu.my/21631/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400330","display_name":"The University of Malaya Research Repository (University of Malaya)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","host_organization_name":"University of Malaya","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18051619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051619","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051619","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1619/pdf?version=1663824922","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3071085596","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PG035-2016A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322604","funder_display_name":"Universiti Malaya"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4599775241","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RP03615AET","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322604","funder_display_name":"Universiti Malaya"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322604","display_name":"Universiti Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2804425550.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2804425550.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":105,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W58949250","https://openalex.org/W158274267","https://openalex.org/W631343285","https://openalex.org/W1554648094","https://openalex.org/W1605480097","https://openalex.org/W1965783630","https://openalex.org/W1966986942","https://openalex.org/W1974103997","https://openalex.org/W1981118980","https://openalex.org/W1981147908","https://openalex.org/W1985419877","https://openalex.org/W1990773456","https://openalex.org/W1996894363","https://openalex.org/W2004896487","https://openalex.org/W2005126339","https://openalex.org/W2006233236","https://openalex.org/W2011969218","https://openalex.org/W2013414343","https://openalex.org/W2014976658","https://openalex.org/W2023557643","https://openalex.org/W2029368383","https://openalex.org/W2043360156","https://openalex.org/W2052232835","https://openalex.org/W2054421446","https://openalex.org/W2059814327","https://openalex.org/W2079064954","https://openalex.org/W2095409369","https://openalex.org/W2099619765","https://openalex.org/W2103132803","https://openalex.org/W2109127420","https://openalex.org/W2115559917","https://openalex.org/W2122540156","https://openalex.org/W2130769894","https://openalex.org/W2134965438","https://openalex.org/W2136293280","https://openalex.org/W2137814624","https://openalex.org/W2144268122","https://openalex.org/W2144345075","https://openalex.org/W2146672645","https://openalex.org/W2149472588","https://openalex.org/W2149705008","https://openalex.org/W2156299432","https://openalex.org/W2156598119","https://openalex.org/W2160326135","https://openalex.org/W2161983973","https://openalex.org/W2162273778","https://openalex.org/W2162462610","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2167230748","https://openalex.org/W2167640605","https://openalex.org/W2169011930","https://openalex.org/W2172107473","https://openalex.org/W2189239210","https://openalex.org/W2260109555","https://openalex.org/W2289846183","https://openalex.org/W2294734859","https://openalex.org/W2294798173","https://openalex.org/W2308002575","https://openalex.org/W2312515276","https://openalex.org/W2319765837","https://openalex.org/W2340432894","https://openalex.org/W2346338395","https://openalex.org/W2383449848","https://openalex.org/W2395427473","https://openalex.org/W2406764529","https://openalex.org/W2423165976","https://openalex.org/W2491116828","https://openalex.org/W2513144371","https://openalex.org/W2527135273","https://openalex.org/W2542593331","https://openalex.org/W2543709342","https://openalex.org/W2547113495","https://openalex.org/W2547592139","https://openalex.org/W2547984444","https://openalex.org/W2563304214","https://openalex.org/W2563701295","https://openalex.org/W2564250040","https://openalex.org/W2565221469","https://openalex.org/W2565444367","https://openalex.org/W2565591996","https://openalex.org/W2566823488","https://openalex.org/W2567056787","https://openalex.org/W2567191584","https://openalex.org/W2576515288","https://openalex.org/W2578115791","https://openalex.org/W2584060762","https://openalex.org/W2585502419","https://openalex.org/W2587903331","https://openalex.org/W2592990940","https://openalex.org/W2598535282","https://openalex.org/W2601104861","https://openalex.org/W2613151040","https://openalex.org/W2624346713","https://openalex.org/W2736862060","https://openalex.org/W2745794687","https://openalex.org/W2753762384","https://openalex.org/W2766070097","https://openalex.org/W2766347359","https://openalex.org/W2770055356","https://openalex.org/W2771170013","https://openalex.org/W2783220660","https://openalex.org/W2783316198","https://openalex.org/W2790994825","https://openalex.org/W2791028407","https://openalex.org/W2806980961"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2908120833","https://openalex.org/W3119915333","https://openalex.org/W7140078003","https://openalex.org/W4385202085","https://openalex.org/W4221106420","https://openalex.org/W2156598119","https://openalex.org/W3024115737","https://openalex.org/W2975774977","https://openalex.org/W2887874109","https://openalex.org/W2158977853"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"research":[1,78,297],"in":[2,14,85,177,207,252,256],"underwater":[3,41],"wireless":[4],"sensor":[5,73],"networks":[6],"(UWSNs)":[7],"has":[8,210],"gained":[9],"the":[10,44,72,101,115,121,125,145,150,158,165,184,200,205,220,224,227,240,260,275,285],"attention":[11],"of":[12,21,52,71,93,100,114,123,179,192,204,213,226,230,242,262],"researchers":[13],"academia":[15],"and":[16,26,31,35,40,54,61,67,80,88,135,167,183,188,270,296],"industry":[17],"for":[18,96,118,215,284,301],"a":[19,50,112,211,243,279],"number":[20,51,212],"applications.":[22],"They":[23],"include":[24],"disaster":[25],"earthquake":[27],"prediction,":[28],"water":[29],"quality":[30],"environment":[32],"monitoring,":[33],"leakage":[34],"mine":[36],"detection,":[37],"military":[38],"surveillance":[39],"navigation.":[42],"However,":[43],"aquatic":[45],"medium":[46],"is":[47,98,175,195],"associated":[48],"with":[49,106,199,272],"limitations":[53],"challenges:":[55],"long":[56],"multipath":[57],"delay,":[58],"high":[59],"interference":[60],"noise,":[62],"harsh":[63],"environment,":[64],"low":[65],"bandwidth":[66],"limited":[68],"battery":[69],"life":[70],"nodes.":[74],"These":[75,138],"challenges":[76,295],"demand":[77],"techniques":[79],"strategies":[81],"to":[82,104,144,219,259,274],"be":[83,282],"overcome":[84],"an":[86],"efficient":[87,271],"effective":[89],"fashion.":[90],"The":[91,190],"design":[92],"routing":[94,116,127,169,181,228,235],"protocols":[95,117,128,206,264],"UWSNs":[97],"one":[99],"promising":[102],"solutions":[103],"cope":[105],"these":[107],"challenges.":[108],"This":[109],"paper":[110],"presents":[111],"survey":[113,162],"UWSNs.":[119],"For":[120],"ease":[122],"description,":[124],"addressed":[126],"are":[129,140,266,299],"classified":[130],"into":[131,248],"two":[132],"groups:":[133],"localization-based":[134],"localization-free":[136],"protocols.":[137,170],"groups":[139],"further":[141],"subdivided":[142],"according":[143],"problems":[146],"they":[147,153],"address":[148],"or":[149],"major":[151],"parameters":[152],"consider":[154],"during":[155],"routing.":[156],"Unlike":[157],"existing":[159,221],"surveys,":[160],"this":[161,208],"considers":[163],"only":[164],"latest":[166],"state-of-the-art":[168],"In":[171],"addition,":[172],"every":[173],"protocol":[174,194,232,244,280],"described":[176,291],"terms":[178],"its":[180,234,250,290],"strategy":[182,229],"problem":[185],"it":[186],"addresses":[187],"solves.":[189],"merit(s)":[191],"each":[193,231],"(are)":[196],"highlighted":[197],"along":[198],"cost.":[201],"A":[202],"description":[203,225],"fashion":[209],"advantages":[214],"researchers,":[216],"as":[217],"compared":[218],"surveys.":[222],"Firstly,":[223],"makes":[233],"operation":[236],"easily":[237],"understandable.":[238],"Secondly,":[239],"demerit(s)":[241],"provides":[245],"(provide)":[246],"insight":[247],"overcoming":[249],"flaw(s)":[251],"future":[253,302],"investigation.":[254,303],"This,":[255],"turn,":[257],"leads":[258],"foundation":[261],"new":[263],"that":[265],"more":[267],"intelligent,":[268],"robust":[269],"respect":[273],"desired":[276],"parameters.":[277],"Thirdly,":[278],"can":[281],"selected":[283],"appropriate":[286],"application":[287],"based":[288],"on":[289],"merit(s).":[292],"Finally,":[293],"open":[294],"directions":[298],"presented":[300]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2018-06-01T00:00:00"}
