{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2804137207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2018.1469439","title":"An Unbiased Estimation of Empirical Lognormal Fragility Functions with Uncertainties on the Ground Motion Intensity Measure","display_name":"An Unbiased Estimation of Empirical Lognormal Fragility Functions with Uncertainties on the Ground Motion Intensity Measure","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2804137207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2018.1469439","mag":"2804137207"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/13632469.2018.1469439","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2018.1469439","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2018.1469439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S99961174","display_name":"Journal of Earthquake Engineering","issn_l":"1363-2469","issn":["1363-2469","1559-808X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Earthquake Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049926536","display_name":"Thomas J. Ader","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148542","display_name":"Arup Group (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/057d3rj91","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148542"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Ader","raw_affiliation_strings":["Risk and Hazard Management Department, Arup, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Risk and Hazard Management Department, Arup, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009448344","display_name":"Damian N. Grant","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4451-8261","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4451-8261"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148542","display_name":"Arup Group (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/057d3rj91","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148542"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Damian N. Grant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Risk and Hazard Management Department, Arup, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Risk and Hazard Management Department, Arup, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002092671","display_name":"Matthew R. Free","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5705-9249","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5705-9249","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9039-4316"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148542","display_name":"Arup Group (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/057d3rj91","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148542"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Free","raw_affiliation_strings":["Risk and Hazard Management Department, Arup, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Risk and Hazard Management Department, Arup, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027176112","display_name":"Manuela Villani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1435-792X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1435-792X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148542","display_name":"Arup Group (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/057d3rj91","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148542"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuela Villani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Risk and Hazard Management Department, Arup, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Risk and Hazard Management Department, Arup, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jorge Lopez","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148542","display_name":"Arup Group (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/057d3rj91","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148542"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorge Lopez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Risk and Hazard Management Department, Arup, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Risk and Hazard Management Department, Arup, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148542"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103221658","display_name":"Robin J. S. Spence","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7600-0395","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7600-0395"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robin Spence","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cambridge Architectural Research Ltd, Cambridge, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cambridge Architectural Research Ltd, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049926536"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148542"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8394,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71960362,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"7","first_page":"1115","last_page":"1133"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10160","display_name":"Seismic Performance and Analysis","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10160","display_name":"Seismic Performance and Analysis","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11807","display_name":"Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability Analysis","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11352","display_name":"Masonry and Concrete Structural Analysis","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bias-correction","display_name":"bias correction","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seismic-risk-assessment","display_name":"seismic risk assessment","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/damage-probability","display_name":"damage probability","score":0.6069999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80191262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5477668","display_name":"Fragility","level":2,"score":0.9570589065551758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151620405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q826116","display_name":"Log-normal distribution","level":2,"score":0.7782221436500549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.6523422002792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988284105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11424730","display_name":"Ground motion","level":2,"score":0.639755368232727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103784038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386228","display_name":"Cumulative distribution function","level":3,"score":0.473463237285614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.45722049474716187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.45280128717422485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197055811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207522","display_name":"Probability density function","level":2,"score":0.4384566843509674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.4373660683631897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4277617931365967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.41140320897102356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2049514651298523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.20314300060272217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1884137988090515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.13649243116378784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.0654745101928711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/13632469.2018.1469439","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2018.1469439","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2018.1469439","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S99961174","display_name":"Journal of Earthquake Engineering","issn_l":"1363-2469","issn":["1363-2469","1559-808X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Earthquake Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W48835897","https://openalex.org/W182829536","https://openalex.org/W1002954269","https://openalex.org/W1580600210","https://openalex.org/W1738355744","https://openalex.org/W1983889797","https://openalex.org/W1988559055","https://openalex.org/W1992943269","https://openalex.org/W1998806251","https://openalex.org/W2005152169","https://openalex.org/W2007271261","https://openalex.org/W2016829071","https://openalex.org/W2021379341","https://openalex.org/W2035750167","https://openalex.org/W2053535384","https://openalex.org/W2101823880","https://openalex.org/W2105228693","https://openalex.org/W2112688502","https://openalex.org/W2119946136","https://openalex.org/W2125247540","https://openalex.org/W2143147166","https://openalex.org/W2158686996","https://openalex.org/W2170926625","https://openalex.org/W2183603600","https://openalex.org/W2295513785","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W7062960904"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4400982994","https://openalex.org/W2173588457","https://openalex.org/W2336214199","https://openalex.org/W2065672811","https://openalex.org/W2050898101","https://openalex.org/W2021379341","https://openalex.org/W3213099735","https://openalex.org/W4399975247","https://openalex.org/W4391386211","https://openalex.org/W4408422705"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"an":[1],"effort":[2],"to":[3,79,95],"incorporate":[4],"building":[5,32],"fragility":[6,14,45,68],"into":[7],"seismic":[8],"risk":[9],"assessment,":[10],"simple":[11],"formulations":[12],"of":[13,28,30,57],"functions":[15,69],"are":[16],"developed,":[17],"such":[18],"as":[19],"a":[20,31,34,43,93],"cumulative":[21],"lognormal":[22,44],"distribution,":[23],"which":[24],"describe":[25],"the":[26,55,63,80,83],"probability":[27],"damage":[29],"experiencing":[33],"given":[35],"ground":[36,58,84],"motion.":[37],"We":[38,73],"show":[39,74],"here":[40],"that":[41,75],"when":[42],"function":[46],"is":[47,65],"empirically":[48],"estimated":[49],"from":[50],"data":[51],"with":[52,70],"uncertainty":[53,81],"on":[54,82],"intensity":[56],"motion":[59],"experienced":[60],"by":[61],"buildings,":[62],"estimate":[64],"biased":[66],"towards":[67],"larger":[71],"variances.":[72],"this":[76],"bias,":[77],"due":[78],"motion,":[85],"can":[86],"be":[87],"semi-analytically":[88],"determined":[89],"and":[90],"we":[91],"devise":[92],"methodology":[94],"correct":[96],"for":[97],"it.":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2018-06-01T00:00:00"}