{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2803393532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v7n4p23","title":"Changes in Phenol Level and Antioxidant Activity of Cocoa Beans During Fermentation and Roasting","display_name":"Changes in Phenol Level and Antioxidant Activity of Cocoa Beans During Fermentation and Roasting","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2803393532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v7n4p23","mag":"2803393532"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5539/jfr.v7n4p23","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v7n4p23","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v7n4p23","pdf_url":"http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jfr/article/download/73306/41686","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210204040","display_name":"Journal of Food Research","issn_l":"1927-0887","issn":["1927-0887","1927-0895"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322531","host_organization_name":"Canadian Center of Science and Education","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322531"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Canadian Center of Science and Education"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Food Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jfr/article/download/73306/41686","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074957410","display_name":"St. Sabahannur","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116576","display_name":"Universitas Muslim Indonesia","ror":"https://ror.org/02c0s8023","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116576"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"St Sabahannur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116576"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066916322","display_name":"Suraedah Alimuddin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116576","display_name":"Universitas Muslim Indonesia","ror":"https://ror.org/02c0s8023","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116576"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suraedah Alimuddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116576"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106615759","display_name":"Rahmawati Rahmawati","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116576","display_name":"Universitas Muslim Indonesia","ror":"https://ror.org/02c0s8023","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116576"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"- Rahmawati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116576"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116576"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1299,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75944374,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"4","first_page":"23","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12349","display_name":"Food Chemistry and Fat Analysis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12349","display_name":"Food Chemistry and Fat Analysis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10035","display_name":"Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2704","display_name":"Biochemistry (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11264","display_name":"Coffee research and impacts","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cocoa-beans","display_name":"cocoa beans","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fermentation","display_name":"fermentation","score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/roasting","display_name":"roasting","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-phenolic-content","display_name":"total phenolic content","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antioxidant-activity","display_name":"antioxidant activity","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polyphenols","display_name":"polyphenols","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/catechins","display_name":"catechins","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epicatechin","display_name":"epicatechin","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polyphenol-oxidase","display_name":"polyphenol oxidase","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dpph-radical-scavenging-activity","display_name":"DPPH radical scavenging","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ic50","display_name":"IC50","score":0.7940000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100544194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41760","display_name":"Fermentation","level":2,"score":0.8892468214035034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140327455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228460","display_name":"Roasting","level":2,"score":0.7851808667182922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.769944429397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910714744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208008","display_name":"COCOA BEAN","level":3,"score":0.749566912651062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70899900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290439","display_name":"Polyphenol","level":3,"score":0.7368929386138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781401929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5205953","display_name":"DPPH","level":3,"score":0.7200246453285217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.7121029496192932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778004101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133948","display_name":"Antioxidant","level":2,"score":0.6452126502990723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779054382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72185287","display_name":"Flavonoid","level":3,"score":0.532349169254303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779431889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415007","display_name":"Catechin","level":4,"score":0.45132720470428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777728882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407142","display_name":"Phenols","level":2,"score":0.43856045603752136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777702071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130336","display_name":"Phenol","level":2,"score":0.42469367384910583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779801959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153697","display_name":"Coffee bean","level":2,"score":0.42294007539749146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.20056700706481934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.10028547048568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5539/jfr.v7n4p23","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v7n4p23","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v7n4p23","pdf_url":"http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jfr/article/download/73306/41686","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210204040","display_name":"Journal of Food Research","issn_l":"1927-0887","issn":["1927-0887","1927-0895"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322531","host_organization_name":"Canadian Center of Science and Education","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322531"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Canadian Center of Science and Education"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Food Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:405508","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/405508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401616","display_name":"AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210120349","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota Rochester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120349"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/405508","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5539/jfr.v7n4p23","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v7n4p23","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v7n4p23","pdf_url":"http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jfr/article/download/73306/41686","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210204040","display_name":"Journal of Food Research","issn_l":"1927-0887","issn":["1927-0887","1927-0895"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322531","host_organization_name":"Canadian Center of Science and Education","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322531"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Canadian Center of Science and Education"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Food Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.5}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2803393532.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2803393532.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W121360906","https://openalex.org/W237466600","https://openalex.org/W1973101024","https://openalex.org/W1975241485","https://openalex.org/W2030025876","https://openalex.org/W2060482655","https://openalex.org/W2065853716","https://openalex.org/W2086426631","https://openalex.org/W2091191595","https://openalex.org/W2104628553","https://openalex.org/W2116161280","https://openalex.org/W2141195273","https://openalex.org/W2154745788","https://openalex.org/W2164825045","https://openalex.org/W2229416582","https://openalex.org/W2338861111","https://openalex.org/W2527090040","https://openalex.org/W2604311280","https://openalex.org/W2913751038","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2109888803","https://openalex.org/W2187896973","https://openalex.org/W2539536693","https://openalex.org/W2790357607","https://openalex.org/W4402273450","https://openalex.org/W2913536885","https://openalex.org/W2979597178","https://openalex.org/W2361590649","https://openalex.org/W3120933157","https://openalex.org/W4360613607"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Flavonoid,":[0],"polyphenols,":[1],"especially":[2],"catechin":[3],"and":[4,41,56,61,82,90,110,124,136,176],"epicatechin,are":[5],"major":[6],"components":[7],"in":[8,22,119],"cocoa":[9,63,105,120,146],"products,":[10],"which":[11],"are":[12,33],"known":[13],"for":[14],"antioxidant":[15,57,91,156,169],"properties.":[16],"Cocoa":[17],"bean":[18,106,150],"requires":[19],"fermentation":[20,30,74,81,109,135,139,165,178],"process":[21],"order":[23],"to":[24,38,49,132],"obtain":[25],"good":[26],"taste.":[27],"During":[28],"the":[29,46,51,100,141],"process,":[31],"polyphenols":[32],"oxidized":[34],"by":[35],"polyphenol":[36,55],"oxidase":[37],"form":[39],"quinone":[40],"2-quinon.":[42],"The":[43,65,96,113,138],"purpose":[44],"of":[45,54,59,104,129,145,160,173,184],"research":[47],"is":[48,126,179],"determine":[50],"total":[52,101],"level":[53,89,103,116,131],"activity":[58,92,157,170],"fermented":[60],"roasted":[62],"beans.":[64,147],"experiment":[66],"was":[67,117],"using":[68],"Completely":[69],"Randomized":[70],"Design":[71],"(CRD)":[72],"with":[73,93,158,171,182],"treatment":[75],"that":[76,99],"includes:":[77],"Without":[78],"fermentation,":[79,123],"three-day":[80,164],"five-day":[83,177],"fermentation.":[84],"Observation":[85],"parameters":[86],"include:":[87],"Polyphenol":[88],"DPPH":[94],"method.":[95],"results":[97],"showed":[98,151,166],"phenol":[102,115,130],"changed":[107],"during":[108],"after":[111,134],"roasting.":[112,137],"highest":[114],"found":[118],"beans":[121],"without":[122],"there":[125],"a":[127,152,167],"decrease":[128],"98%":[133],"affects":[140],"Inhibition":[142],"Concentration":[143],"(IC50)":[144],"An":[148],"unfermented":[149],"very":[153],"strongly":[154],"active":[155,181],"IC50":[159,172,183],"7.848":[161],"ppm,":[162,175],"whereas":[163],"strong":[168],"35.961":[174],"moderately":[180],"55.976":[185],"ppm.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2018-06-01T00:00:00"}
