{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2803389846","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app8050825","title":"The Impact of Diesel/LPG Dual Fuel on Performance and Emissions in a Single Cylinder Diesel Generator","display_name":"The Impact of Diesel/LPG Dual Fuel on Performance and Emissions in a Single Cylinder Diesel Generator","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2803389846","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app8050825","mag":"2803389846"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app8050825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app8050825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app8050825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app8050825","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065001862","display_name":"Mustafa Ayd\u0131n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6187-6722","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6187-6722"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173761726","display_name":"Karab\u00fck University","ror":"https://ror.org/04wy7gp54","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173761726"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa Aydin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Karabuk University, 78050 Karabuk, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6187-6722","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Karabuk University, 78050 Karabuk, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173761726"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025019973","display_name":"Ahmet Irgin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98905743","display_name":"Kastamonu University","ror":"https://ror.org/015scty35","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98905743"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmet Irgin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Motor Vehicles and Transportation Technologies, Kure Vocational School, Kastamonu University, 37900 Kastamonu, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Motor Vehicles and Transportation Technologies, Kure Vocational School, Kastamonu University, 37900 Kastamonu, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98905743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101902488","display_name":"Mehmet \u00c7elik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3390-1716","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3390-1716"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173761726","display_name":"Karab\u00fck University","ror":"https://ror.org/04wy7gp54","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173761726"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Bahattin \u00c7elik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Karabuk University, 78050 Karabuk, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Karabuk University, 78050 Karabuk, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173761726"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065001862"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173761726"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":1.4917,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79942693,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"5","first_page":"825","last_page":"825"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10117","display_name":"Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies","score":0.9326000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1507","display_name":"Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10117","display_name":"Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies","score":0.9326000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1507","display_name":"Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13990","display_name":"Engine and Fuel Emissions","score":0.0502999983727932,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10507","display_name":"Biodiesel Production and Applications","score":0.01489999983459711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquefied-petroleum-gas","display_name":"liquefied petroleum gas","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-injection","display_name":"direct injection","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diesel-generator","display_name":"diesel generator","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engine-emissions","display_name":"engine emissions","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engine-performance","display_name":"engine performance","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoke-density","display_name":"smoke density","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-monoxide-emissions","display_name":"carbon monoxide emissions","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrocarbon-emissions","display_name":"hydrocarbon emissions","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nox-emissions","display_name":"NOx emissions","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brake-specific-fuel-consumption","display_name":"brake specific fuel consumption","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effective-efficiency","display_name":"effective efficiency","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-control-units","display_name":"electronic control units","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exhaust-gas-recirculation","display_name":"exhaust gas recirculation","score":0.6000000238418579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138171918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38423","display_name":"Diesel fuel","level":2,"score":0.7580220103263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73081478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814856","display_name":"Brake specific fuel consumption","level":3,"score":0.6891603469848633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1787132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q351609","display_name":"Liquefied petroleum gas","level":2,"score":0.6552881598472595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6309984922409058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.5810186862945557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51321904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191801","display_name":"Four-stroke engine","level":4,"score":0.5591351389884949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203032635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20962970","display_name":"NOx","level":3,"score":0.5218530893325806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780804531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174174","display_name":"Diesel engine","level":2,"score":0.48474475741386414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.4805055856704712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40098085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2584993","display_name":"Winter diesel fuel","level":5,"score":0.46975138783454895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45882903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042317","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","level":2,"score":0.41009214520454407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71034217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q142663","display_name":"Diesel cycle","level":4,"score":0.38126927614212036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511840579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12757","display_name":"Internal combustion engine","level":2,"score":0.33544376492500305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28989189863204956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39573554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502048","display_name":"Petrol engine","level":3,"score":0.2022017240524292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105923489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133235","display_name":"Combustion","level":2,"score":0.13127753138542175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.1022132933139801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106169591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909434","display_name":"Combustion chamber","level":3,"score":0.08221349120140076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app8050825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app8050825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app8050825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app8050825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app8050825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app8050825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9853000044822693},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.9786999821662903},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.651199996471405}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528231811","https://openalex.org/W1600021808","https://openalex.org/W1705771029","https://openalex.org/W1967382075","https://openalex.org/W1968939972","https://openalex.org/W1976289075","https://openalex.org/W1979082141","https://openalex.org/W1980089334","https://openalex.org/W1991771159","https://openalex.org/W1996122683","https://openalex.org/W2007268007","https://openalex.org/W2007947937","https://openalex.org/W2019301019","https://openalex.org/W2028728755","https://openalex.org/W2043767911","https://openalex.org/W2051138695","https://openalex.org/W2060707873","https://openalex.org/W2065455474","https://openalex.org/W2066947420","https://openalex.org/W2068257454","https://openalex.org/W2068818666","https://openalex.org/W2080851294","https://openalex.org/W2081038550","https://openalex.org/W2086299383","https://openalex.org/W2088179158","https://openalex.org/W2090303762","https://openalex.org/W2121123339","https://openalex.org/W2126778282","https://openalex.org/W2156618971","https://openalex.org/W2182568934","https://openalex.org/W2234038475","https://openalex.org/W2282534160","https://openalex.org/W2509420698","https://openalex.org/W2565160642","https://openalex.org/W2580262979","https://openalex.org/W2597165451","https://openalex.org/W2738771110","https://openalex.org/W2766798588","https://openalex.org/W2767075139","https://openalex.org/W2793004362","https://openalex.org/W2997107004","https://openalex.org/W3164035397","https://openalex.org/W4248648500","https://openalex.org/W4402305063"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3185207980","https://openalex.org/W3164035397","https://openalex.org/W4304892911","https://openalex.org/W2102559084","https://openalex.org/W2369646732","https://openalex.org/W2329119695","https://openalex.org/W1570589127","https://openalex.org/W1986693246","https://openalex.org/W7104548240","https://openalex.org/W2281793427"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Compared":[0],"to":[1,15,18,49,81,115,134,186,224],"other":[2],"engines":[3,9,68],"of":[4,60,71,88,95,118],"the":[5,58,72,86,93,171,182,187],"same":[6],"size,":[7],"diesel":[8,67,111,189],"are":[10,26],"more":[11],"economical":[12],"in":[13,29,66],"addition":[14],"their":[16],"ability":[17],"generate":[19],"high":[20],"power.":[21],"For":[22],"this":[23,56],"reason,":[24],"they":[25],"widely":[27],"used":[28,133],"many":[30],"fields":[31],"such":[32],"as":[33,146],"industry,":[34],"agriculture,":[35],"transportation,":[36],"electricity":[37],"generation.":[38],"The":[39,155],"increasing":[40],"environmental":[41],"concerns":[42],"and":[43,53,102,132,139,149,194,201],"diminishing":[44],"oil":[45],"resources":[46],"led":[47],"researchers":[48],"improve":[50],"fuel":[51,65,123],"consumption":[52],"emissions.":[54],"In":[55],"context,":[57],"usage":[59],"Liquefied":[61],"Petroleum":[62],"Gas":[63],"(LPG)":[64],"is":[69],"one":[70],"important":[73],"research":[74],"subjects":[75],"that":[76,176],"has":[77],"been":[78],"keeping":[79],"up":[80,223],"date.":[82],"This":[83],"paper":[84],"investigates":[85],"effects":[87],"LPG":[89,119,136,141],"direct":[90,116],"injection":[91,117,137,142],"towards":[92],"end":[94],"air":[96,107],"inlet":[97],"period":[98],"on":[99,151,181],"engine":[100,112,157,164],"emissions":[101,197,215],"performance":[103],"characteristics.":[104],"A":[105],"four-stroke,":[106],"cooled,":[108],"single":[109],"cylinder":[110],"was":[113,130,158,174],"modified":[114],"for":[120],"diesel/LPG":[121],"dual":[122],"operation.":[124,190],"An":[125],"Electronic":[126],"Control":[127],"Unit":[128],"(ECU)":[129],"designed":[131],"adjust":[135],"timing":[138],"duration.":[140],"rates":[143],"were":[144],"selected":[145],"30%,":[147],"50%":[148],"70%":[150],"a":[152],"mass":[153],"base.":[154],"test":[156],"operated":[159],"at":[160],"3000":[161],"rpm":[162],"constant":[163],"speed":[165],"under":[166],"varying":[167],"load":[168],"conditions.":[169],"Throughout":[170],"experiments,":[172],"it":[173],"observed":[175],"smoke":[177],"density":[178],"significantly":[179],"reduced":[180],"dual-fuel":[183],"operation,":[184],"compared":[185],"pure":[188],"Carbon":[191],"Monoxide":[192],"(CO)":[193],"Hydrocarbon":[195],"(HC)":[196],"decreased":[198,209],"by":[199,210,217],"30%":[200],"20%,":[202],"respectively.":[203],"Brake":[204],"Specific":[205],"Fuel":[206],"Consumption":[207],"(BSFC)":[208],"8%.":[211],"Nitrogen":[212],"Oxide":[213],"(NOx)":[214],"increased":[216,222],"6%":[218],"while":[219],"effective":[220],"efficiency":[221],"1.25%.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2018-06-01T00:00:00"}
