{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2803149701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-018-0303-3","title":"An evaluation of South Africa\u2019s public\u2013private partnership for the localisation of vaccine research, manufacture and distribution","display_name":"An evaluation of South Africa\u2019s public\u2013private partnership for the localisation of vaccine research, manufacture and distribution","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2803149701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-018-0303-3","mag":"2803149701","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29587777","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5870219"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12961-018-0303-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-018-0303-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-018-0303-3","pdf_url":"https://health-policy-systems.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12961-018-0303-3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S201446958","display_name":"Health Research Policy and Systems","issn_l":"1478-4505","issn":["1478-4505"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Research Policy and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://health-policy-systems.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12961-018-0303-3","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063926433","display_name":"David Richard Walwyn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0545-0604","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0545-0604"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69552723","display_name":"University of Pretoria","ror":"https://ror.org/00g0p6g84","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David R. Walwyn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa. david.walwyn@up.ac.za","Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa. david.walwyn@up.ac.za","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086647182","display_name":"Adolph T. Nkolele","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69552723","display_name":"University of Pretoria","ror":"https://ror.org/00g0p6g84","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adolph T. Nkolele","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa","Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Technology Management, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063926433"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"],"apc_list":{"value":3590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3590},"apc_paid":{"value":3590,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3590},"fwci":3.3363,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92720322,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"30","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11939","display_name":"Public-Private Partnership Projects","score":0.6342999935150146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11939","display_name":"Public-Private Partnership Projects","score":0.6342999935150146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14293","display_name":"Biotechnology and Related Fields","score":0.27489998936653137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":0.06849999725818634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-private-partnerships","display_name":"public-private partnerships","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccine-production","display_name":"vaccine production","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccine-development","display_name":"vaccine development","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccine-distribution","display_name":"vaccine distribution","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value-for-money","display_name":"value for money","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccine-procurement","display_name":"vaccine procurement","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccine-pricing","display_name":"vaccine pricing","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccine-shortage","display_name":"vaccine shortage","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunization-programs","display_name":"immunization programs","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relational-governance","display_name":"relational governance","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/south-africa","display_name":"South Africa","score":0.796999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201650216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829492","display_name":"Procurement","level":2,"score":0.6952766180038452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71750763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q646164","display_name":"General partnership","level":2,"score":0.6314606666564941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780877353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2518253","display_name":"Health services research","level":3,"score":0.5345871448516846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.5153259634971619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121426985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591763","display_name":"Private sector","level":2,"score":0.512559175491333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4922443926334381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294217","display_name":"Public sector","level":2,"score":0.4796195924282074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46979913115501404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776553905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221096","display_name":"Public\u2013private partnership","level":3,"score":0.46797019243240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.45189499855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4424591064453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779652045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507443","display_name":"Pharmaceutical industry","level":2,"score":0.4337153732776642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.3145146369934082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.27068614959716797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.25766071677207947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.252954363822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.2288321852684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000047","descriptor_name":"Academies and Institutes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001290","descriptor_name":"Attitude","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003132","descriptor_name":"Commerce","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003365","descriptor_name":"Costs and Cost Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005381","descriptor_name":"Financing, Organized","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006076","descriptor_name":"Government","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011786","descriptor_name":"Quality Control","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013019","descriptor_name":"South Africa","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014612","descriptor_name":"Vaccines","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014612","descriptor_name":"Vaccines","qualifier_ui":"Q000600","qualifier_name":"supply & distribution","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017149","descriptor_name":"Private Sector","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017150","descriptor_name":"Public Sector","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017589","descriptor_name":"Immunization Programs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055818","descriptor_name":"Public-Private Sector Partnerships","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12961-018-0303-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-018-0303-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-018-0303-3","pdf_url":"https://health-policy-systems.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12961-018-0303-3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S201446958","display_name":"Health Research Policy and Systems","issn_l":"1478-4505","issn":["1478-4505"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Research Policy and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5870219","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5870219","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Res Policy Syst","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:29587777","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29587777","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health research policy and systems","raw_type":"Evaluation Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.up.ac.za:2263/65004","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65004","pdf_url":"https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstreams/16eea5a5-20b0-4888-b494-67dafb764830/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401870","display_name":"UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I69552723","host_organization_name":"University of Pretoria","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9877c8638216403980c7b31768f777e5","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9877c8638216403980c7b31768f777e5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Health Research Policy and Systems, Vol 16, Iss 1, Pp 1-17 (2018)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12961-018-0303-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-018-0303-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-018-0303-3","pdf_url":"https://health-policy-systems.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12961-018-0303-3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S201446958","display_name":"Health Research Policy and Systems","issn_l":"1478-4505","issn":["1478-4505"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Health Research Policy and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.8970999717712402},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8048999905586243},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.5217000246047974}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.6100000143051147}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2803149701.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2803149701.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9686737","https://openalex.org/W576050068","https://openalex.org/W1567370951","https://openalex.org/W1589275176","https://openalex.org/W1600663345","https://openalex.org/W1606283665","https://openalex.org/W1978758484","https://openalex.org/W1999601589","https://openalex.org/W2002792770","https://openalex.org/W2029590923","https://openalex.org/W2039250123","https://openalex.org/W2047264465","https://openalex.org/W2056355907","https://openalex.org/W2063104389","https://openalex.org/W2066206613","https://openalex.org/W2083740311","https://openalex.org/W2093237811","https://openalex.org/W2095666781","https://openalex.org/W2096613415","https://openalex.org/W2102985352","https://openalex.org/W2159128227","https://openalex.org/W2168846214","https://openalex.org/W2189153528","https://openalex.org/W2267348261","https://openalex.org/W2483677630","https://openalex.org/W2502357106","https://openalex.org/W2561791454","https://openalex.org/W2609713952","https://openalex.org/W2613932856","https://openalex.org/W2795548722","https://openalex.org/W2898799556","https://openalex.org/W3122732478","https://openalex.org/W3123752732","https://openalex.org/W3171151625"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2891358889","https://openalex.org/W2030807443","https://openalex.org/W1491220876","https://openalex.org/W7096777556","https://openalex.org/W7111296867","https://openalex.org/W2018793133","https://openalex.org/W1983667213","https://openalex.org/W7010629616","https://openalex.org/W2272749539","https://openalex.org/W2312039733"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Public-private":[1],"partnerships":[2],"(PPPs),":[3],"widely":[4],"used":[5,104,187,320],"as":[6],"a":[7,74,82,116,123,131,145,152,272,278,284,299,352],"means":[8],"of":[9,16,112,125,137,151,155,164,173,206,246,254,277,310,315,337,372],"leveraging":[10,376],"the":[11,17,42,88,107,113,138,148,159,170,179,190,204,237,240,243,247,251,257,306,335,370],"skills,":[12],"expertise":[13],"and":[14,54,57,94,103,110,197,212,233,256,274,305,334,361],"resources":[15],"private":[18],"sector":[19,32],"to":[20,29,50,68,105,182,188,202,228,236,259,262,269,287,321,328],"mutual":[21],"advantage,":[22],"were":[23,97,128,186],"similarly":[24],"adopted":[25,364],"by":[26,158,375],"South":[27,160],"Africa":[28],"support":[30,203],"public":[31,312,323,377],"delivery.":[33],"This":[34],"study":[35,118],"has":[36,80,249,302,308],"evaluated":[37],"one":[38],"such":[39],"partnership,":[40],"namely":[41],"Biovac":[43],"Institute,":[44],"which":[45,122,174],"was":[46,61,119,175],"established":[47],"in":[48,73,121,225,239,340,365],"2003":[49],"cover":[51],"vaccine":[52,194,263,279,291],"research":[53,79],"development,":[55],"manufacturing,":[56],"supply.":[58],"The":[59,78,142,265],"initiative":[60],"highly":[62,289],"unusual":[63],"given":[64],"that":[65,298,342,351],"it":[66,295],"attempted":[67],"combine":[69],"all":[70],"three":[71],"aspects":[72],"single":[75],"PPP.":[76,114],"METHODS:":[77],"followed":[81],"concurrent":[83],"mixed":[84],"methods":[85],"approach.":[86],"In":[87],"quantitative":[89],"study,":[90],"data":[91,101],"for":[92,166,208],"prices":[93],"product":[95],"volumes":[96],"extracted":[98],"from":[99],"secondary":[100],"sources":[102],"calculate":[106],"economic":[108],"cost":[109,150],"value-for-money":[111,301],"Simultaneously,":[115],"qualitative":[117,241],"undertaken":[120],"number":[124],"key":[126],"stakeholders":[127],"interviewed":[129],"using":[130],"semi-structured":[132],"questionnaire":[133],"on":[134,147],"their":[135],"perceptions":[136],"PPP's":[139],"value.":[140],"RESULTS:":[141],"institute":[143,307],"earns":[144],"premium":[146],"procurement":[149],"broad":[153],"range":[154],"vaccines":[156,255],"required":[157],"African":[161],"National":[162],"Department":[163],"Health":[165],"its":[167],"immunisation":[168],"programme,":[169],"net":[171],"value":[172],"US$85.7":[176],"million":[177,224],"over":[178],"period":[180],"2010":[181],"2014.":[183],"These":[184],"funds":[185],"finance":[189],"institute's":[191],"operations,":[192],"including":[193],"research,":[195],"distribution":[196],"quality":[198],"control.":[199],"Capital":[200],"expenditure":[201],"establishment":[205,276],"facilities":[207],"laboratory":[209],"testing,":[210],"packaging":[211],"labelling,":[213],"filling,":[214],"formulation":[215],"and,":[216,282],"finally,":[217],"active":[218],"pharmaceutical":[219],"ingredient":[220],"manufacture,":[221],"approximately":[222],"US$40":[223],"total,":[226],"had":[227],"be":[229,319,329],"secured":[230],"through":[231],"loans":[232],"grants.":[234],"According":[235],"respondents":[238],"survey,":[242],"principal":[244],"benefit":[245],"PPP":[248],"been":[250,271,303,309],"uninterrupted":[252],"supply":[253],"ability":[258,286],"respond":[260],"quickly":[261],"shortages.":[264],"main":[266],"disadvantages":[267],"appear":[268],"have":[270],"slow":[273],"ineffectual":[275],"manufacturing":[280,373],"centre":[281],"initially,":[283],"limited":[285],"negotiate":[288],"competitive":[290],"prices.":[292],"CONCLUSIONS:":[293],"Overall,":[294],"is":[296,349,363],"concluded":[297],"positive":[300],"achieved":[304],"significant":[311],"benefit.":[313],"Relationships":[314],"this":[316],"nature":[317],"can":[318],"achieve":[322],"health":[324],"goals,":[325,359],"but":[326],"need":[327],"realistic":[330],"about":[331],"timeframes,":[332],"costs":[333],"limitations":[336],"relational":[338],"governance":[339],"ensuring":[341],"complex":[343],"programmatic":[344],"outcomes":[345],"are":[346],"achieved.":[347],"It":[348],"recommended":[350],"more":[353],"incremental":[354],"approach,":[355],"with":[356],"clearer":[357],"contractual":[358],"penalties":[360],"incentives,":[362],"attempting":[366],"initiatives":[367],"aimed":[368],"at":[369],"localisation":[371],"technology":[374],"procurement.":[378]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2018-06-01T00:00:00"}