{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2802769858","doi":null,"title":"Lessons Learned from Evaluating Eight Password Nudges in the Wild","display_name":"Lessons Learned from Evaluating Eight Password Nudges in the Wild","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2802769858","mag":"2802769858"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:153405","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/153405/7/153405.pdf","pdf_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/153405/7/153405.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405259220","host_organization_name":"Institut Agama Islam Negeri Langsa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259220"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Proceedings"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/75319/1/Renaud_etal_LASER2017_Lessons_learned_evaluating_eight_password_nudges_wild.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035796880","display_name":"Karen Renaud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7187-6531","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7187-6531"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renaud, Karen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer And Information Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer And Information Sciences","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071063606","display_name":"Verena Zimmerman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zimmermann, Verena","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040438886","display_name":"Joseph Maguire","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3718-7679","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3718-7679"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maguire, Joseph","raw_affiliation_strings":["*University of Glasgow"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"*University of Glasgow","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048656431","display_name":"STEPHEN W. DRAPER","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9564-9317","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9564-9317"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Draper, Steve","raw_affiliation_strings":["*University of Glasgow"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"*University of Glasgow","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5377,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60271647,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-strength","display_name":"password strength","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-length","display_name":"password length","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-choice","display_name":"password choice","score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-context","display_name":"user context","score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-application-security","display_name":"web application security","score":0.41499999165534973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8858961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7068367","display_name":"Nudge theory","level":2,"score":0.9236007928848267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.8925334215164185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23875713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141232","display_name":"Cognitive password","level":5,"score":0.583047091960907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5527568459510803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70530487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1990841","display_name":"Password strength","level":4,"score":0.5333231687545776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98705547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3394687","display_name":"Password policy","level":4,"score":0.4795638918876648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4176757335662842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.41665664315223694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.40367430448532104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.31795260310173035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2344805896282196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89479133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137840","display_name":"One-time password","level":3,"score":0.20843151211738586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.17948663234710693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16616541147232056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.07547515630722046}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:153405","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/153405/7/153405.pdf","pdf_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/153405/7/153405.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405259220","host_organization_name":"Institut Agama Islam Negeri Langsa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259220"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Proceedings"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tubiblio.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de:111862","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://tubiblio.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/111862/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196390","display_name":"TUbilio (Technical University of Darmstadt)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","host_organization_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":" Konferenzver\u00f6ffentlichung"},{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:75319","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/1324853.html>","pdf_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/75319/1/Renaud_etal_LASER2017_Lessons_learned_evaluating_eight_password_nudges_wild.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Book Section"},{"id":"pmh:oai:rke.abertay.ac.uk:openaire/b5464e71-8a5d-4cec-a420-5b4ca1ef5958","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.usenix.org/conference/laser2017/presentation/renaud","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402526","display_name":"Abertay Research Portal (Abertay University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I877506347","host_organization_name":"Abertay University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I877506347"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Renaud, K, Zimmerman, V, Maguire, J & Draper, S 2017, Lessons learned from evaluating eight password nudges in the wild. in Proceedings of LASER 2017 : Learning from Authoritative Security Experiment Results, Arlington, VA, USA, October 18-19, 2017. USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA, pp. 25-37, The LASER Workshop: Learning from Authoritative Security Experiment Results, Arlington, Virginia, United States, 18/10/17. < https://www.usenix.org/conference/laser2017/presentation/renaud >","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:75319","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/1324853.html>","pdf_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/75319/1/Renaud_etal_LASER2017_Lessons_learned_evaluating_eight_password_nudges_wild.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Book Section"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Clinical Trial","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320337","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332748","display_name":"College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2802769858.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2802769858.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W71887310","https://openalex.org/W143386018","https://openalex.org/W328261905","https://openalex.org/W1466389411","https://openalex.org/W1481908410","https://openalex.org/W1499730430","https://openalex.org/W1567886927","https://openalex.org/W1972923259","https://openalex.org/W1978813754","https://openalex.org/W1996190548","https://openalex.org/W1996425298","https://openalex.org/W2025448348","https://openalex.org/W2028799898","https://openalex.org/W2030112111","https://openalex.org/W2052388428","https://openalex.org/W2052940668","https://openalex.org/W2055147133","https://openalex.org/W2073342447","https://openalex.org/W2084404804","https://openalex.org/W2087484885","https://openalex.org/W2091833612","https://openalex.org/W2092270867","https://openalex.org/W2097267243","https://openalex.org/W2100492959","https://openalex.org/W2100964262","https://openalex.org/W2113394274","https://openalex.org/W2122331641","https://openalex.org/W2127171880","https://openalex.org/W2134080857","https://openalex.org/W2150341374","https://openalex.org/W2152643572","https://openalex.org/W2169901069","https://openalex.org/W2188618019","https://openalex.org/W2218132318","https://openalex.org/W2266693079","https://openalex.org/W2302305491","https://openalex.org/W2316482457","https://openalex.org/W2394619600","https://openalex.org/W2413416220","https://openalex.org/W2488850733","https://openalex.org/W2616270777","https://openalex.org/W2683619959","https://openalex.org/W2752390855","https://openalex.org/W2783571795","https://openalex.org/W3123415960","https://openalex.org/W3187374738"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2793087089","https://openalex.org/W2783131453","https://openalex.org/W7099295138","https://openalex.org/W143386018","https://openalex.org/W2752390855","https://openalex.org/W2886049718","https://openalex.org/W7172271597","https://openalex.org/W4286322952","https://openalex.org/W2798782357","https://openalex.org/W7095671723"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background.":[0],"The":[1,42,70,162,194],"tension":[2,16],"between":[3],"security":[4,26],"and":[5,98,119,167,209,280,310],"convenience,":[6],"when":[7],"creating":[8],"passwords,":[9,33],"is":[10,14,267,271],"well":[11,246],"established.":[12],"It":[13,56,244],"a":[15,128,205,304],"that":[17,172,213,225,235,248,268],"often":[18],"leads":[19],"users":[20,62],"to":[21,59,76,94,103,127,199,204,216,256,292],"create":[22],"poor":[23],"passwords.":[24,41],"For":[25],"designers,":[27],"three":[28],"mitigation":[29],"strategies":[30],"exist:":[31],"issuing":[32],"mandating":[34],"minimum":[35],"strength":[36,191,202,307],"levels":[37],"or":[38,130],"encouraging":[39],"better":[40],"first":[43],"strategy":[44],"prompts":[45],"recording,":[46],"the":[47,51,73,78,110,135,141,151,155,174,180,214,236,257,274,290,301,311,314],"second":[48],"reuse,":[49],"but":[50],"third":[52],"merits":[53],"further":[54],"investigation.":[55],"seemed":[57],"promising":[58],"explore":[60],"whether":[61],"could":[63,183],"be":[64,184,247],"subtly":[65],"nudged":[66],"towards":[67],"stronger":[68],"passwords.Aim.":[69],"aim":[71],"of":[72,80,112,154,173,179,189,303,313],"study":[74],"was":[75,101,252],"investigate":[77],"influence":[79],"visual":[81,148,181,285],"nudges":[82,149,182,237],"on":[83,150,241],"self-chosen":[84],"password":[85,165,190,201,242,269,306],"length":[86],"and/or":[87],"strength.Method.":[88],"A":[89,283],"university":[90],"application,":[91],"enabling":[92],"students":[93],"check":[95],"course":[96,111],"dates":[97],"review":[99],"grades,":[100],"used":[102,198],"support":[104],"two":[105,113],"consecutive":[106],"empirical":[107],"studies":[108],"over":[109],"academic":[114],"years.":[115],"In":[116],"total,":[117],"497":[118],"776":[120],"participants,":[121],"respectively,":[122],"were":[123,144,160,169],"randomly":[124],"assigned":[125],"either":[126],"control":[129,136,175],"an":[131,218,227,249],"experimental":[132,142,163,258],"group.":[133],"Whereas":[134],"group":[137],"received":[138],"no":[139,239],"intervention,":[140],"groups":[143],"presented":[145],"with":[146],"different":[147],"registration":[152],"page":[153],"web":[156],"application":[157],"whenever":[158],"passwords":[159],"created.":[161],"groups\u2019":[164],"strengths":[166],"lengths":[168],"then":[170],"compared":[171],"group.Results.":[176],"No":[177],"impact":[178],"detected,":[185],"neither":[186],"in":[187,207,317],"terms":[188],"nor":[192],"length.":[193],"ordinal":[195],"score":[196],"metric":[197],"calculate":[200],"led":[203],"decrease":[206],"variance":[208],"test":[210],"power,":[211],"so":[212],"inability":[215],"detect":[217],"effect":[219,228,240,251],"size":[220],"does":[221,229],"not":[222,230,253,288],"definitively":[223],"indicate":[224],"such":[226],"exist.Conclusion.":[231],"We":[232],"cannot":[233],"conclude":[234],"had":[238],"strength.":[243],"might":[245,287],"actual":[250],"detected":[254],"due":[255],"design":[259],"choices.":[260],"Another":[261],"possible":[262],"explanation":[263],"for":[264],"our":[265],"result":[266],"choice":[270],"influenced":[272],"by":[273],"user\u2019s":[275,315],"task,":[276],"cognitive":[277],"budget,":[278],"goals":[279],"pre-existing":[281],"routines.":[282],"simple":[284],"nudge":[286],"have":[289],"power":[291],"overcome":[293],"these":[294],"forces.":[295],"Our":[296],"lessons":[297],"learned":[298],"therefore":[299],"recommend":[300],"use":[302],"richer":[305],"quantification":[308],"measure,":[309],"acknowledgement":[312],"context,":[316],"future":[318],"studies.":[319]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2018-05-17T00:00:00"}