{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2802594697","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc4020016","title":"Synergy in Knowledge-Based Innovation Systems at National and Regional Levels: The Triple-Helix Model and the Fourth Industrial Revolution","display_name":"Synergy in Knowledge-Based Innovation Systems at National and Regional Levels: The Triple-Helix Model and the Fourth Industrial Revolution","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2802594697","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc4020016","mag":"2802594697"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/joitmc4020016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc4020016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc4020016","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2199-8531/4/2/16/pdf?version=1528276056","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210222123","display_name":"Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity","issn_l":"2199-8531","issn":["2199-8531"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2199-8531/4/2/16/pdf?version=1528276056","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024996172","display_name":"Loet Leydesdorff A","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7835-3098","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7835-3098"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Loet Leydesdorff","raw_affiliation_strings":["ID Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR) , University of Amsterdam , PO. Box 15793 , 1001 NG Amsterdam , The Netherlands ;","Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, PO. Box 15793, 1001 NG Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7835-3098","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ID Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR) , University of Amsterdam , PO. Box 15793 , 1001 NG Amsterdam , The Netherlands ;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, PO. Box 15793, 1001 NG Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024996172"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"apc_list":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"apc_paid":{"value":1250,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1250},"fwci":15.09,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":68,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98897699,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"2","first_page":"16","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13276","display_name":"University-Industry-Government Innovation Models","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13276","display_name":"University-Industry-Government Innovation Models","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14185","display_name":"Research, Science, and Academia","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triple-helix-model","display_name":"triple helix model","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourth-industrial-revolution","display_name":"Fourth Industrial Revolution","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-economy","display_name":"knowledge economy","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectations","display_name":"expectations","score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-reduction","display_name":"uncertainty reduction","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-theory","display_name":"information theory","score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-arrangements","display_name":"institutional arrangements","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-dynamics","display_name":"knowledge dynamics","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technological-revolution","display_name":"technological revolution","score":0.5759999752044678}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10919887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7843514","display_name":"Triple helix","level":2,"score":0.7283984422683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13200473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2747831","display_name":"Reflexivity","level":2,"score":0.6181519031524658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91602232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756115","display_name":"Volatility (finance)","level":2,"score":0.548886239528656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5007929801940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C517468935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2269","display_name":"Industrial Revolution","level":2,"score":0.4865840673446655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.45512646436691284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.37714385986328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36516350507736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3617914021015167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3388259708881378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.22908639907836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.19627606868743896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.19574987888336182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.11027750372886658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/joitmc4020016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc4020016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc4020016","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2199-8531/4/2/16/pdf?version=1528276056","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210222123","display_name":"Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity","issn_l":"2199-8531","issn":["2199-8531"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:joitmc:v:4:y:2018:i:2:p:16-:d:146606","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2199-8531/4/2/16/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/joitmc4020016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc4020016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc4020016","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2199-8531/4/2/16/pdf?version=1528276056","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210222123","display_name":"Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity","issn_l":"2199-8531","issn":["2199-8531"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.8970999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2078020513","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DGIST-IT-18-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326308","funder_display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326308","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2802594697.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2802594697.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498531608","https://openalex.org/W1509686824","https://openalex.org/W1535129021","https://openalex.org/W1541762854","https://openalex.org/W1564906124","https://openalex.org/W1984294564","https://openalex.org/W1989864366","https://openalex.org/W2021274680","https://openalex.org/W2030766543","https://openalex.org/W2033362994","https://openalex.org/W2041404167","https://openalex.org/W2048506134","https://openalex.org/W2055400711","https://openalex.org/W2055517741","https://openalex.org/W2074990030","https://openalex.org/W2075514521","https://openalex.org/W2094353945","https://openalex.org/W2095197847","https://openalex.org/W2099330597","https://openalex.org/W2103255474","https://openalex.org/W2134175155","https://openalex.org/W2150265421","https://openalex.org/W2399701151","https://openalex.org/W2417487629","https://openalex.org/W2580989379","https://openalex.org/W2610144948","https://openalex.org/W2626942316","https://openalex.org/W2726031349","https://openalex.org/W2769816607","https://openalex.org/W2789656070","https://openalex.org/W2883726677","https://openalex.org/W2887002214","https://openalex.org/W3121972476","https://openalex.org/W3123734230","https://openalex.org/W3124592049","https://openalex.org/W4231155589","https://openalex.org/W4235903336","https://openalex.org/W4241742455","https://openalex.org/W4243470898","https://openalex.org/W4244325790","https://openalex.org/W4312419427","https://openalex.org/W6602559188","https://openalex.org/W6606917013","https://openalex.org/W6629855012","https://openalex.org/W6633915064"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2983158615","https://openalex.org/W2610144948","https://openalex.org/W3126082427","https://openalex.org/W2135141888","https://openalex.org/W2417487629","https://openalex.org/W1945293811","https://openalex.org/W7100962349","https://openalex.org/W575760650","https://openalex.org/W3123851256","https://openalex.org/W3120740894"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unlike":[0],"national":[1],"systems":[2,116],"of":[3,13,40,56,60,66,79,89,94,106,109],"innovation,":[4],"a":[5,50,121],"knowledge-based":[6],"economy":[7],"is":[8,124],"grounded":[9],"in":[10,33,38,58,96],"the":[11,53,64,80,87,92],"volatility":[12],"discursive":[14],"knowledge":[15,81],"enabling":[16],"us":[17,72],"to":[18,52,73,85,118],"specify":[19],"expectations.Expectations":[20],"can":[21,30,102],"be":[22,31],"improved":[23],"by":[24],"testing":[25],"them":[26],"against":[27],"observations.Furthermore,":[28],"expectations":[29,57],"codified":[32],"different":[34],"ways;":[35],"for":[36],"example,":[37],"terms":[39,59,105],"market":[41],"perspectives":[42],"or":[43],"technological":[44,122],"opportunities.The":[45],"Fourth":[46],"Industrial":[47],"Revolution":[48],"entails":[49],"transition":[51],"reflexive":[54],"entertaining":[55],"models":[61],"as":[62,77],"increasingly":[63],"sources":[65],"innovations.The":[67],"Triple-Helix":[68],"synergy":[69],"indicator":[70],"enables":[71],"use":[74],"institutional":[75],"arrangements":[76],"instantiations":[78],"dynamics":[82],"and":[83,91,117],"thus":[84],"assess":[86,103],"generation":[88],"options":[90],"reduction":[93],"uncertainty":[95],"information-theoretical":[97],"terms.Using":[98],"this":[99],"indicator,":[100],"one":[101],"empirically-in":[104],"negative":[107],"bits":[108],"information;":[110],"that":[111],"is,":[112],"redundancy-in":[113],"which":[114],"innovation":[115],"what":[119],"extent":[120],"revolution":[123],"taking":[125],"place.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2018-05-17T00:00:00"}