{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2801709014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b00167","title":"Adherence to Point-of-Use Water Treatment over Short-Term Implementation: Parallel Crossover Trials of Flocculation\u2013Disinfection Sachets in Pakistan and Zambia","display_name":"Adherence to Point-of-Use Water Treatment over Short-Term Implementation: Parallel Crossover Trials of Flocculation\u2013Disinfection Sachets in Pakistan and Zambia","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2801709014","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b00167","mag":"2801709014","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29733647"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b00167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b00167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b00167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13479253","display_name":"Environmental Science & Technology","issn_l":"0013-936X","issn":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Science &amp; Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110334000","display_name":"A. Shaheed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Shaheed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112888724","display_name":"Shujaat Ali Rathore","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180291457","display_name":"Mehran University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0575ttm03","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Rathore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh 76062, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh 76062, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180291457"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014471952","display_name":"Andy Bastable","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9667-483X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9667-483X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1285399213","display_name":"Oxfam","ror":"https://ror.org/022283x63","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1285399213"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Bastable","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oxfam GB, Oxfam House, John Smith Drive, Oxford, OX4 2JY, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxfam GB, Oxfam House, John Smith Drive, Oxford, OX4 2JY, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1285399213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"J. Bruce","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Bruce","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087123298","display_name":"Sandy Cairncross","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5342-1269","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5342-1269"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Cairncross","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090262911","display_name":"Joe M. Brown","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5200-4148","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5200-4148"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5200-4148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090262911"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"apc_list":{"value":4500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9394,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66616892,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"11","first_page":"6601","last_page":"6609"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11493","display_name":"Water Treatment and Disinfection","score":0.8339999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11493","display_name":"Water Treatment and Disinfection","score":0.8339999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10596","display_name":"Child Nutrition and Water Access","score":0.09009999781847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14232","display_name":"Water Resource Management and Quality","score":0.03150000050663948,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-water-treatment","display_name":"household water treatment","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-adherence","display_name":"medication adherence","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-drinking-water","display_name":"household drinking water","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chlorine-disinfection","display_name":"chlorine disinfection","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flocculation","display_name":"flocculation","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waterborne-diseases","display_name":"waterborne diseases","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pakistan","display_name":"Pakistan","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zambia","display_name":"Zambia","score":1.0}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122507166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628906","display_name":"Crossover","level":2,"score":0.6236222386360168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148815931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900689","display_name":"Flocculation","level":2,"score":0.6177340149879456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.6036530137062073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190960625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058719","display_name":"Water treatment","level":2,"score":0.5624285936355591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87813604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1242899","display_name":"Crossover study","level":4,"score":0.5060953497886658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.42677462100982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3625880479812622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.32985156774520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.22687414288520813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1197839081287384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09083715081214905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.06054624915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27081682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269829","display_name":"Placebo","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004203","descriptor_name":"Disinfection","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005427","descriptor_name":"Flocculation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010154","descriptor_name":"Pakistan","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014881","descriptor_name":"Water Supply","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015024","descriptor_name":"Zambia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015438","descriptor_name":"Health Behavior","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018508","descriptor_name":"Water Purification","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018592","descriptor_name":"Cross-Over Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b00167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b00167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b00167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13479253","display_name":"Environmental Science & Technology","issn_l":"0013-936X","issn":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Science &amp; Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29733647","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29733647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental science & technology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk:4647771","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/view/creators/idcvjbru.html>;","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402527","display_name":"LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","host_organization_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"},{"score":0.98580002784729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial","display_name":"Clinical Trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495689869","https://openalex.org/W1815121818","https://openalex.org/W1926215465","https://openalex.org/W1964765745","https://openalex.org/W1965723989","https://openalex.org/W1969836247","https://openalex.org/W1970543817","https://openalex.org/W1972791168","https://openalex.org/W1975429816","https://openalex.org/W1989933653","https://openalex.org/W1994743273","https://openalex.org/W2018424488","https://openalex.org/W2019011487","https://openalex.org/W2038342899","https://openalex.org/W2040595532","https://openalex.org/W2041513962","https://openalex.org/W2044691357","https://openalex.org/W2048988304","https://openalex.org/W2055098337","https://openalex.org/W2056262275","https://openalex.org/W2057044056","https://openalex.org/W2058128548","https://openalex.org/W2083485809","https://openalex.org/W2091024615","https://openalex.org/W2098548407","https://openalex.org/W2101893457","https://openalex.org/W2108091428","https://openalex.org/W2110676524","https://openalex.org/W2112835231","https://openalex.org/W2115749481","https://openalex.org/W2116345353","https://openalex.org/W2118253192","https://openalex.org/W2122103134","https://openalex.org/W2125192605","https://openalex.org/W2135576309","https://openalex.org/W2140804709","https://openalex.org/W2143776535","https://openalex.org/W2147222853","https://openalex.org/W2147570090","https://openalex.org/W2153269881","https://openalex.org/W2157042375","https://openalex.org/W2164792843","https://openalex.org/W2169699627","https://openalex.org/W2170691595","https://openalex.org/W2182309872","https://openalex.org/W2259323216","https://openalex.org/W2315378999","https://openalex.org/W2332001761","https://openalex.org/W2430038803","https://openalex.org/W2534745784","https://openalex.org/W2756705596","https://openalex.org/W2765820112","https://openalex.org/W2913800988","https://openalex.org/W3022274619","https://openalex.org/W4229753260","https://openalex.org/W4239855852","https://openalex.org/W4388319941"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2765274076","https://openalex.org/W7100053998","https://openalex.org/W2030913158","https://openalex.org/W2153269881","https://openalex.org/W7096124300","https://openalex.org/W4360584743","https://openalex.org/W7097270650","https://openalex.org/W7099656105","https://openalex.org/W2006323937","https://openalex.org/W2937427343"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,113,142],"health":[1],"benefits":[2],"of":[3,78,115,173,184],"point-of-use":[4],"(POU)":[5],"water":[6,80,125,179],"treatment":[7],"can":[8],"only":[9],"be":[10],"realized":[11],"through":[12],"high":[13,175],"adherence:":[14],"correct,":[15],"consistent,":[16],"and":[17,37,99,133,145],"sustained":[18],"use.":[19],"We":[20],"conducted":[21],"parallel":[22],"randomized,":[23],"longitudinal":[24],"crossover":[25,84],"trials":[26],"measuring":[27],"short-term":[28,185],"adherence":[29,42,57,69,147,176],"to":[30,58,88,102,129,138,177],"two":[31,72],"single-use":[32],"flocculant\u2013disinfectant":[33],"sachets":[34],"in":[35,61,68,97,111,122,131,140,149,165],"Pakistan":[36,98,132],"Zambia.":[38,62,112,141],"In":[39],"both":[40,46,59],"trials,":[41],"declined":[43,126],"sharply":[44],"for":[45],"products":[47,60,155],"over":[48,82],"the":[49,71,83,171],"eight":[50],"week":[51],"surveillance":[52,116],"periods,":[53],"with":[54,118,187],"overall":[55],"lower":[56],"There":[63],"was":[64],"no":[65],"significant":[66],"difference":[67],"between":[70],"products.":[73],"Estimated":[74],"median":[75],"daily":[76],"production":[77],"treated":[79],"dropped":[81],"period":[85],"from":[86,100,127,136,161],"2.5":[87],"1.4":[89,101],"L":[90,104],"person":[91,105],"\u20131":[92,94,106,108],"day":[93,107],"(46%":[95],"decline)":[96,110],"1.1":[103],"(21%":[109],"percentage":[114],"points":[117],"detectable":[119],"total":[120],"chlorine":[121],"household":[123],"drinking":[124],"70%":[128],"49%":[130],"rose":[134],"marginally":[135],"28%":[137],"30%":[139],"relatively":[143],"low":[144],"decreasing":[146],"observed":[148],"this":[150],"study":[151],"suggests":[152],"that":[153],"these":[154,166],"would":[156],"have":[157],"provided":[158],"little":[159],"protection":[160],"waterborne":[162],"disease":[163],"risk":[164],"settings.":[167],"Our":[168],"findings":[169],"underscore":[170],"challenge":[172],"achieving":[174],"POU":[178],"treatment,":[180],"even":[181],"under":[182],"conditions":[183],"adoption":[186],"intensive":[188],"follow-up.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2018-05-17T00:00:00"}
