{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2801460422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cli6020040","title":"Vulnerability of Structural Concrete to Extreme Climate Variances","display_name":"Vulnerability of Structural Concrete to Extreme Climate Variances","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2801460422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cli6020040","mag":"2801460422"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cli6020040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cli6020040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cli6020040","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/6/2/40/pdf?version=1526096715","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736420981","display_name":"Climate","issn_l":"2225-1154","issn":["2225-1154"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Climate","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/6/2/40/pdf?version=1526096715","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011024488","display_name":"Sakdirat Kaewunruen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2153-3538","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2153-3538"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sakdirat Kaewunruen","raw_affiliation_strings":["TOFU Lab (Track Engineering and Operation for Future Uncertainties Laboratory), School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B152TT, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2153-3538","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TOFU Lab (Track Engineering and Operation for Future Uncertainties Laboratory), School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B152TT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012324275","display_name":"Lei Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7169-1505","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7169-1505"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B152TT, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B152TT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062945827","display_name":"Keiichi Goto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6420-0085","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6420-0085"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keiichi Goto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B152TT, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B152TT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098076975","display_name":"Yanuar Muhammad Najih","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanuar Muhammad Najih","raw_affiliation_strings":["Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B152TT, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Birmingham Centre for Railway Research and Education, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B152TT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011024488"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2172},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2172},"fwci":6.1183,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96493695,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"2","first_page":"40","last_page":"40"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11850","display_name":"Concrete Corrosion and Durability","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11850","display_name":"Concrete Corrosion and Durability","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12102","display_name":"Fire effects on concrete materials","score":0.003000000026077032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-concrete","display_name":"structural concrete","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"climate change","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concrete-durability","display_name":"concrete durability","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concrete-carbonation","display_name":"concrete carbonation","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-corrosion","display_name":"reinforcement corrosion","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-temperature","display_name":"high temperature","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relative-humidity","display_name":"relative humidity","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co2-concentration","display_name":"CO2 concentration","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressive-strength","display_name":"compressive strength","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/splitting-tensile-strength","display_name":"splitting tensile strength","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/railway-infrastructure","display_name":"railway infrastructure","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concrete-sleepers","display_name":"concrete sleepers","score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/railway-bridges","display_name":"railway bridges","score":0.45500001311302185}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5863877534866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5353577136993408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.43643930554389954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993190167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215864","display_name":"Extreme heat","level":3,"score":0.41046133637428284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.3836151659488678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2734275460243225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.26972290873527527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.12285974621772766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.09130609035491943}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/cli6020040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cli6020040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cli6020040","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/6/2/40/pdf?version=1526096715","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736420981","display_name":"Climate","issn_l":"2225-1154","issn":["2225-1154"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Climate","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/5b876f5e-94ee-45df-865f-f64958afc63a","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/5b876f5e-94ee-45df-865f-f64958afc63a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Kaewunruen, S, Wu, L, Goto, K & Najih , Y M 2018, 'Vulnerability of structural concrete to extreme climate variances', Climate, vol. 6, no. 2, 40. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli6020040","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/5b876f5e-94ee-45df-865f-f64958afc63a","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/6/2/40/htm","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Kaewunruen , S , Wu , L , Goto , K & Najih , Y M 2018 , ' Vulnerability of structural concrete to extreme climate variances ' , Climate , vol. 6 , no. 2 , 40 . https://doi.org/10.3390/cli6020040","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/cli6020040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cli6020040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cli6020040","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/6/2/40/pdf?version=1526096715","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736420981","display_name":"Climate","issn_l":"2225-1154","issn":["2225-1154"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Climate","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4943999946117401}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7437618386","display_name":"Rail Infrastructure Systems Engineering Network","funder_award_id":"691135","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2801460422.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2801460422.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W184765623","https://openalex.org/W595012186","https://openalex.org/W653328448","https://openalex.org/W1488311032","https://openalex.org/W1560169658","https://openalex.org/W1593913187","https://openalex.org/W1966460882","https://openalex.org/W1967240438","https://openalex.org/W1982766649","https://openalex.org/W1984025326","https://openalex.org/W2004722198","https://openalex.org/W2007316688","https://openalex.org/W2008029659","https://openalex.org/W2011601126","https://openalex.org/W2016808302","https://openalex.org/W2017027334","https://openalex.org/W2024443441","https://openalex.org/W2025552181","https://openalex.org/W2040480620","https://openalex.org/W2050272435","https://openalex.org/W2057133543","https://openalex.org/W2062313809","https://openalex.org/W2074038697","https://openalex.org/W2076480131","https://openalex.org/W2088004962","https://openalex.org/W2121177757","https://openalex.org/W2130536546","https://openalex.org/W2146684760","https://openalex.org/W2186475981","https://openalex.org/W2237420376","https://openalex.org/W2278035293","https://openalex.org/W2290640985","https://openalex.org/W2325352000","https://openalex.org/W2357565473","https://openalex.org/W2495843623","https://openalex.org/W2513922505","https://openalex.org/W2567180291","https://openalex.org/W2574445154","https://openalex.org/W2588660048","https://openalex.org/W2606384516","https://openalex.org/W2623233235","https://openalex.org/W2659052262","https://openalex.org/W2727969204","https://openalex.org/W2747794866","https://openalex.org/W2771182555","https://openalex.org/W2778237488","https://openalex.org/W2788589922","https://openalex.org/W2788801286","https://openalex.org/W2793165954","https://openalex.org/W2794612249","https://openalex.org/W2802190830","https://openalex.org/W2953268603","https://openalex.org/W3018250785"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2883416255","https://openalex.org/W2912823224","https://openalex.org/W2011727193","https://openalex.org/W4409394313","https://openalex.org/W2009040215","https://openalex.org/W4402461608","https://openalex.org/W4411619523","https://openalex.org/W4410449585","https://openalex.org/W2367669454","https://openalex.org/W2313253404"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"modern":[1],"infrastructures,":[2],"structural":[3],"concrete":[4,23,25,57,75,129,156,189,202,221],"has":[5,106],"been":[6,107],"widely":[7],"adopted":[8],"for":[9],"various":[10,37],"components":[11],"and":[12,42,54,72,87,101,119,131,143,160,187,209,219,243],"structures":[13,76],"such":[14],"as":[15,122,124,169,192,194],"railway":[16,20],"stations,":[17],"platforms,":[18],"walkways,":[19],"bridges,":[21],"tunnelling,":[22],"sleepers,":[24],"foundation":[26],"of":[27,39,56,66,74,81,84,95,116,147,166,198,240],"overhead":[28],"wiring":[29],"structures,":[30],"etc.":[31],"These":[32],"infrastructures":[33],"are":[34,46],"subject":[35],"to":[36,51,127,206,225],"changes":[38],"time,":[40],"operation,":[41],"environment.":[43],"Environmental":[44],"conditions":[45],"a":[47,82,144,179,210],"considerably":[48],"influential":[49],"factor":[50],"life":[52],"cycle":[53],"durability":[55,73],"structures.":[58],"This":[59],"study":[60,91],"aims":[61],"at":[62],"identifying":[63],"the":[64,70,93,114,128,155,164,184,188,195,215,220,228,238],"influence":[65,94],"climate":[67],"change":[68],"on":[69,98,113],"performance":[71],"using":[77,110],"statistical":[78],"regression":[79],"analysis":[80],"number":[83],"pertinent":[85],"experimental":[86,111],"field":[88],"data.":[89],"The":[90,135],"into":[92],"elevated":[96],"temperature":[97,118,186],"compressive":[99,241],"strength":[100,104,242,246],"splitting":[102,244],"tensile":[103,245],"also":[105],"carried":[108],"out":[109],"data":[112],"basis":[115],"environmental":[117,139,185,216],"relative":[120,148,161,217],"humidity,":[121],"well":[123,193],"CO2":[125,141],"concentration":[126],"carbonation":[130,157,190],"steel":[132,167,199],"corrosion":[133,168,196],"rates.":[134,158],"results":[136,229],"indicate":[137],"that":[138,176,231],"temperature,":[140,237],"concentration,":[142],"certain":[145],"range":[146],"humidity":[149,162,218],"play":[150],"an":[151],"important":[152],"role":[153],"in":[154,201,233],"Temperature":[159],"affect":[163],"rate":[165,197],"well.":[170],"In":[171],"addition,":[172],"it":[173],"is":[174,247],"found":[175],"there":[177],"exists":[178],"nearly":[180,211],"direct":[181],"correlation":[182],"between":[183,214],"rates,":[191],"embedded":[200],"from":[203,223],"25":[204],"\u00b0C":[205],"60":[207],"\u00b0C,":[208],"inverse":[212],"proportion":[213],"carbonization":[222],"48.75%":[224],"105%.":[226],"Indeed,":[227],"exhibit":[230],"even":[232],"extreme":[234],"natural":[235],"high":[236],"capacity":[239],"not":[248],"affected":[249],"significantly.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2018-05-17T00:00:00"}