{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2801432173","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33151/ajp.15.2.584","title":"A Review of the Literature: The Transition of Entry-Level Paramedic Education in Australia from Vocational to Higher Education (1961\u20132017)","display_name":"A Review of the Literature: The Transition of Entry-Level Paramedic Education in Australia from Vocational to Higher Education (1961\u20132017)","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2801432173","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33151/ajp.15.2.584","mag":"2801432173"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.33151/ajp.15.2.584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33151/ajp.15.2.584","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.33151/ajp.15.2.584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765015692","display_name":"Australasian Journal of Paramedicine","issn_l":"2202-7270","issn":["2202-7270"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405272673","host_organization_name":"Australasian College of Paramedicine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405272673"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Australasian Journal of Paramedicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.33151/ajp.15.2.584","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085197401","display_name":"Ingrid Ann Brooks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3296-7569","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3296-7569"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ingrid Ann Brooks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Monash Nursing and Midwifery, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Monash Nursing and Midwifery, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024242668","display_name":"Hugh J. M. Grantham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1700-190X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1700-190X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169541294","display_name":"Flinders University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kpzv902","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169541294"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hugh Grantham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Paramedic Unit, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Paramedic Unit, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169541294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028021594","display_name":"Caroline Spencer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1128-6388","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1128-6388"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Caroline Spencer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Disaster Resilience Initiative, Monash University Accident Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Disaster Resilience Initiative, Monash University Accident Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030293848","display_name":"Frank L. Archer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Frank Archer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Disaster Resilience Initiative, Monash University Accident Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Disaster Resilience Initiative, Monash University Accident Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024242668","https://openalex.org/A5028021594","https://openalex.org/A5030293848","https://openalex.org/A5085197401"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169541294","https://openalex.org/I56590836"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7746,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89470048,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14354","display_name":"Emergency Medicine Education and Research","score":0.5630000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14354","display_name":"Emergency Medicine Education and Research","score":0.5630000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11467","display_name":"Trauma and Emergency Care Studies","score":0.13279999792575836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.11320000141859055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paramedic-education","display_name":"paramedic education","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocational-education","display_name":"vocational education","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education-transition","display_name":"higher education transition","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambulance-services","display_name":"ambulance services","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergency-medical-services","display_name":"emergency medical services","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/professionalization","display_name":"professionalization","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-workforce-reform","display_name":"health workforce reform","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocational-training-reform","display_name":"vocational training reform","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/professional-associations","display_name":"professional associations","score":0.5490000247955322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.6881107687950134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C668760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6869278","display_name":"Vocational education","level":2,"score":0.6832669973373413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61521584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q705899","display_name":"Accreditation","level":2,"score":0.6244887709617615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781145037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5011772","display_name":"CINAHL","level":3,"score":0.612139880657196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6118112802505493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61904560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148359","display_name":"Grey literature","level":3,"score":0.45271241664886475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.45233580470085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4132801294326782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3782215714454651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.32528460025787354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.32020342350006104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.23502284288406372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.17546367645263672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10220909118652344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.33151/ajp.15.2.584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33151/ajp.15.2.584","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.33151/ajp.15.2.584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765015692","display_name":"Australasian Journal of Paramedicine","issn_l":"2202-7270","issn":["2202-7270"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405272673","host_organization_name":"Australasian College of Paramedicine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405272673"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Australasian Journal of Paramedicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:monash.edu:openaire/b894286f-7fc2-4369-baa5-ddf5df062413","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/b894286f-7fc2-4369-baa5-ddf5df062413","pdf_url":"https://research.monash.edu/files/287130826/286847443_oa.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402625","display_name":"Monash University Research Portal (Monash University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","host_organization_name":"Monash University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Brooks, I A, Grantham, H, Spencer, C & Archer, F 2018, 'A review of the literature : the transition of entry-level paramedic education in Australia from vocational to higher education (1961\u20132017)', Australasian Journal of Paramedicine, vol. 15, no. 2, 1. https://doi.org/10.33151/ajp.15.2.584","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.33151/ajp.15.2.584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33151/ajp.15.2.584","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.33151/ajp.15.2.584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765015692","display_name":"Australasian Journal of Paramedicine","issn_l":"2202-7270","issn":["2202-7270"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405272673","host_organization_name":"Australasian College of Paramedicine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405272673"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Australasian Journal of Paramedicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6164000034332275,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"},{"score":0.504800021648407,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313207","display_name":"Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ayaw261"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49832121","https://openalex.org/W128200182","https://openalex.org/W1659821949","https://openalex.org/W1861488714","https://openalex.org/W2012001424","https://openalex.org/W2190642860","https://openalex.org/W2237615525","https://openalex.org/W2904547383","https://openalex.org/W2979060647","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1885208551","https://openalex.org/W2512234603","https://openalex.org/W1493894199","https://openalex.org/W3000985427","https://openalex.org/W2522541221","https://openalex.org/W7033137814","https://openalex.org/W1525207184","https://openalex.org/W7112534753","https://openalex.org/W2558076083","https://openalex.org/W2973028200"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction":[0],"Today":[1],"in":[2,35,63,92,181,186,194,241,250,267,303],"Australia,":[3],"university":[4,150,222],"degree":[5],"programs":[6],"provide":[7],"the":[8,12,36,40,67,71,87,90,110,118,149,155,165,195,207,215,251,273,298,306,311],"education":[9,33,81,123,128,190,244,284,302],"pathway":[10],"into":[11,200],"paramedic":[13,32,80,122,223,243,262,283,301],"profession":[14,91,312],"reflecting":[15],"a":[16,99,140,287],"more":[17],"than":[18],"50-year":[19],"process":[20],"of":[21,31,42,61,66,78,89,102,120,132,143,157,167,209,221,236,276,281,300],"transition":[22,53,119,216],"from":[23,124],"on-the-job":[24],"first":[25],"aid":[26],"training.":[27],"The":[28,47,76],"formal":[29],"organisation":[30],"began":[34],"early":[37],"1960s":[38],"with":[39,59],"establishment":[41],"ambulance":[43,159,201,260],"service":[44],"training":[45,191],"centres.":[46],"factors":[48],"that":[49,60,238,271],"contributed":[50,213],"to":[51,84,95,116,126,135,214,217,248,296,309,313,319],"this":[52,136,182,255],"are":[54,179],"poorly":[55],"described":[56],"when":[57],"compared":[58],"paramedics":[62],"other":[64],"parts":[65],"world":[68],"such":[69],"as":[70],"United":[72],"States":[73],"and":[74,94,113,129,145,154,164,176,197,206,211,232,261,278,289,318],"England.":[75],"history":[77,299],"Australian":[79,121,158,242,259,282],"is":[82],"important":[83,290],"capture":[85],"for":[86],"benefit":[88],"Australia":[93,304],"situate":[96],"it":[97],"within":[98,305],"global":[100],"context":[101],"modern":[103],"emergency":[104,187],"medical":[105],"services.":[106],"This":[107],"paper":[108],"examines":[109],"peer":[111],"reviewed":[112],"grey":[114],"literature":[115],"chart":[117,239],"vocational":[125,189],"higher":[127],"uncovers":[130],"signposts":[131,235],"change":[133,237],"leading":[134],"transition.":[137],"Methods":[138],"Following":[139],"systematic":[141],"search":[142],"MEDLINE":[144],"CINAHL":[146],"Plus":[147],"databases,":[148],"library":[151],"collection,":[152],"Google":[153],"websites":[156],"services,":[160,202],"Paramedics":[161],"Australasia":[162],"(PA)":[163],"Council":[166],"Ambulance":[168],"Authorities":[169],"(CAA),":[170],"31":[171],"reports,":[172],"12":[173],"journal":[174],"articles":[175],"three":[177],"texts":[178],"included":[180],"review.":[183],"Results":[184],"Advances":[185],"medicine,":[188],"sector":[192],"reform":[193,205],"1970s":[196],"1980s,":[198],"reviews":[199],"health":[203],"workforce":[204],"efforts":[208],"PA":[210],"CAA":[212],"university-based":[218],"education,":[219],"development":[220],"program":[224],"accreditation":[225],"standards":[226],"and,":[227],"ultimately,":[228],"progression":[229],"towards":[230],"registration":[231],"professionalisation.":[233],"These":[234],"developments":[240],"however,":[245],"proved":[246],"difficult":[247],"uncover":[249],"literature.":[252],"Conclusion":[253],"Unexpectedly,":[254],"review":[256],"finds":[257],"peak":[258],"professional":[263],"bodies":[264],"perceive":[265],"difficulty":[266],"influencing":[268],"policy":[269],"direction":[270],"impacts":[272],"profession.":[274],"Absence":[275],"thorough":[277],"detailed":[279],"accounts":[280],"keeps":[285],"hidden":[286],"unique":[288],"history.":[291],"We":[292],"invite":[293],"further":[294],"research":[295],"preserve":[297],"public":[307],"domain,":[308],"assist":[310],"understand":[314],"what":[315],"went":[316],"before":[317],"inform":[320],"its":[321],"future":[322],"directions.":[323]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2018-05-17T00:00:00"}
