{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2800936852","doi":null,"title":"Apply Chinese Radicals Into Neural Machine Translation: Deeper Than Character Level","display_name":"Apply Chinese Radicals Into Neural Machine Translation: Deeper Than Character Level","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2800936852","mag":"2800936852"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2800936852","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.01565v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.01565v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041717791","display_name":"Shaohui Kuang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaohui Kuang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047560778","display_name":"Lifeng Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3221-2185","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3221-2185"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lifeng Han","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3221-2185","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.013100000098347664,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.0027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-radicals","display_name":"Chinese radicals","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-machine-translation","display_name":"neural machine translation","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/out-of-vocabulary-words","display_name":"out-of-vocabulary words","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-english-translation","display_name":"Chinese-English translation","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subword-segmentation","display_name":"subword segmentation","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation-adequacy","display_name":"translation adequacy","score":0.6010000109672546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.7885273694992065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7824394702911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.7397172451019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.668511152267456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6211414933204651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5758745074272156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.5031697154045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4989776611328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.4705643653869629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.4575023949146271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781051154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8201","display_name":"Chinese characters","level":2,"score":0.4372323155403137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3403565287590027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10552558302879333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105580179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188928","display_name":"Messenger RNA","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2800936852","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.01565v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3204712539","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doras.dcu.ie/26279/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:2800936852","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.01565v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2953131515","https://openalex.org/W2963321862","https://openalex.org/W3156471579","https://openalex.org/W2989094907","https://openalex.org/W2251131401","https://openalex.org/W4292357998","https://openalex.org/W4303648771","https://openalex.org/W7116045784","https://openalex.org/W4385574256","https://openalex.org/W2964296923"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,36],"neural":[1],"machine":[2],"translation":[3,151],"(NMT),":[4],"researchers":[5,20,246],"face":[6],"the":[7,22,48,66,70,78,88,100,104,109,113,128,164,183,191,201,209,226,236,239,251,261],"challenge":[8,81],"of":[9,24,99,112,171,203,211,238],"un-seen":[10],"(or":[11],"out-of-vocabulary":[12],"OOV)":[13],"words":[14,80,114,212],"translation.":[15,86,193],"To":[16],"solve":[17],"this,":[18],"some":[19,197,242],"propose":[21],"splitting":[23],"western":[25],"languages":[26,244],"such":[27],"as":[28,96,140,245],"English":[29,85],"and":[30,46,121,156,178,186,213],"German":[31],"into":[32,69,127],"sub-words":[33],"or":[34,235],"compounds.":[35],"this":[37,43,91],"paper,":[38],"we":[39],"try":[40],"to":[41,76,84,182],"address":[42,77],"OOV":[44],"issue":[45],"improve":[47],"NMT":[49,71,129,138,230,253],"adequacy":[50],"with":[51,73,131,221],"a":[52,141,168],"harder":[53],"language":[54],"Chinese":[55,67,83,105,216,252],"whose":[56],"characters":[57,123,214],"are":[58,116],"even":[59],"more":[60],"sophisticated":[61],"in":[62,82,167,180,215,241,250],"composition.":[63],"We":[64,134,194],"integrate":[65],"radicals":[68,106,120],"model":[72,166,262],"different":[74,220],"settings":[75,207],"unseen":[79],"On":[87],"other":[89,222,243],"hand,":[90],"also":[92,195],"can":[93,124],"be":[94,125],"considered":[95],"semantic":[97],"part":[98],"MT":[101],"system":[102,139],"since":[103],"usually":[107],"carry":[108],"essential":[110],"meaning":[111],"they":[115],"constructed":[117],"in.":[118],"Meaningful":[119],"new":[122],"integrated":[126],"systems":[130],"our":[132,160,204],"models.":[133],"use":[135],"an":[136],"attention-based":[137],"strong":[142],"baseline":[143,165],"system.":[144],"The":[145],"experiments":[146],"on":[147,190],"standard":[148],"Chinese-to-English":[149],"NIST":[150,187],"shared":[152],"task":[153],"data":[154],"2006":[155],"2008":[157],"show":[158],"that":[159],"designed":[161],"models":[162],"outperform":[163],"wide":[169],"range":[170],"state-of-the-art":[172],"evaluation":[173],"metrics":[174],"including":[175],"LEPOR,":[176],"BEER,":[177],"CharacTER,":[179],"addition":[181],"traditional":[184],"BLEU":[185],"scores,":[188],"especially":[189],"adequacy-level":[192],"have":[196],"interesting":[198],"findings":[199],"from":[200],"results":[202],"various":[205],"experiment":[206],"about":[208],"performance":[210],"NMT,":[217],"which":[218],"is":[219,258],"languages.":[223],"For":[224],"instance,":[225],"full":[227],"character":[228],"level":[229],"may":[231],"perform":[232],"very":[233],"well":[234],"state":[237],"art":[240],"demonstrated":[247],"recently,":[248],"however,":[249],"model,":[254],"word":[255],"boundary":[256],"knowledge":[257],"important":[259],"for":[260],"learning.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2018-05-17T00:00:00"}