{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2800322397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3791/57729","title":"Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects","display_name":"Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2800322397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3791/57729","mag":"2800322397","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29733320","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6100699"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3791/57729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3791/57729","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3791/57729","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199738284","display_name":"Journal of Visualized Experiments","issn_l":"1940-087X","issn":["1940-087X","2834-8400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320416","host_organization_name":"MyJOVE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320416"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["MyJOVE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Visualized Experiments","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6100699","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044203426","display_name":"Andrew Allan Walker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1296-6593","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1296-6593"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405277047","display_name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience","ror":"https://ror.org/018kjjj71","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802","https://openalex.org/I4405277047"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Allan Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland; a.walker@imb.uq.edu.au","Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland; a.walker@imb.uq.edu.au","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802","https://openalex.org/I4405277047"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802","https://openalex.org/I4405277047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Max Rosenthal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405277047","display_name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience","ror":"https://ror.org/018kjjj71","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802","https://openalex.org/I4405277047"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Max Rosenthal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802","https://openalex.org/I4405277047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021411778","display_name":"Eivind A. B. Undheim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8667-3999","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8667-3999"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eivind E. A. Undheim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Advance Imaging, The University of Queensland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Advance Imaging, The University of Queensland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005178664","display_name":"Glenn F. King","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2308-2200","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2308-2200"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405277047","display_name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience","ror":"https://ror.org/018kjjj71","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802","https://openalex.org/I4405277047"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Glenn F. King","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802","https://openalex.org/I4405277047"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0693,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75705081,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":"134","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11353","display_name":"Venomous Animal Envenomation and Studies","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11353","display_name":"Venomous Animal Envenomation and Studies","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12329","display_name":"Hemiptera Insect Studies","score":0.01269999984651804,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13943","display_name":"Beetle Biology and Toxicology Studies","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduviidae","display_name":"Reduviidae","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/belostomatidae","display_name":"Belostomatidae","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triatominae","display_name":"Triatominae","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cimicidae","display_name":"Cimicidae","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-stimulation","display_name":"electrical stimulation","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proboscis","display_name":"proboscis","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/venom-gland","display_name":"venom gland","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labial-glands","display_name":"labial glands","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-feeding-insects","display_name":"blood-feeding insects","score":0.5849999785423279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.832069993019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779448229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3386847","display_name":"Venom","level":2,"score":0.8189057111740112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780394580","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q768510","display_name":"Reduviidae","level":3,"score":0.6272268295288086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.5054469108581543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910569719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q300981","display_name":"Desmodus rotundus","level":3,"score":0.47729432582855225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779881037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13381446","display_name":"Triatominae","level":4,"score":0.44935017824172974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779538911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27191","display_name":"Heteroptera","level":2,"score":0.41942083835601807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.29460686445236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776849203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39222","display_name":"Rabies","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007313","descriptor_name":"Insecta","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014118","descriptor_name":"Toxins, Biological","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014688","descriptor_name":"Venoms","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020064","descriptor_name":"Reduviidae","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3791/57729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3791/57729","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3791/57729","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199738284","display_name":"Journal of Visualized Experiments","issn_l":"1940-087X","issn":["1940-087X","2834-8400"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320416","host_organization_name":"MyJOVE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320416"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["MyJOVE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Visualized Experiments","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6100699","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6100699","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Vis Exp","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:29733320","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29733320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6100699","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6100699","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Vis Exp","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1599111869","https://openalex.org/W1773083493","https://openalex.org/W1971077159","https://openalex.org/W1986894628","https://openalex.org/W1996619732","https://openalex.org/W2080496581","https://openalex.org/W2093246920","https://openalex.org/W2108900876","https://openalex.org/W2131273112","https://openalex.org/W2155001679","https://openalex.org/W2166497918","https://openalex.org/W2267287809","https://openalex.org/W2280600273","https://openalex.org/W2785751995","https://openalex.org/W2792153927","https://openalex.org/W3147261549"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2267287809","https://openalex.org/W7009373963","https://openalex.org/W3052075486","https://openalex.org/W2785751995","https://openalex.org/W2581584348","https://openalex.org/W7140130682","https://openalex.org/W4378516324","https://openalex.org/W4366771452","https://openalex.org/W2985753177","https://openalex.org/W6904821832"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Heteropteran":[0],"insects":[1,239],"such":[2],"as":[3,40,140,213],"assassin":[4],"bugs":[5,10,68],"(Reduviidae)":[6],"and":[7,17,20,45,85,99,110,118,156,225,243,248],"giant":[8],"water":[9],"(Belostomatidae)":[11],"descended":[12],"from":[13,177,220,237],"a":[14,141],"common":[15],"predaceous":[16],"venomous":[18],"ancestor,":[19],"the":[21,41,61,80,90,97,102,178,203],"majority":[22],"of":[23,63,82,92,101,169,186,198,218],"extant":[24],"heteropterans":[25,31],"retain":[26],"this":[27,122],"trophic":[28],"strategy.":[29],"Some":[30],"have":[32,51,129],"transitioned":[33],"to":[34,53,69,79,89,132,144,173,192,201,210,234],"feeding":[35,54],"on":[36,55],"vertebrate":[37],"blood":[38],"(such":[39],"kissing":[42,67],"bugs,":[43,47],"Triatominae;":[44],"bed":[46],"Cimicidae)":[48],"while":[49],"others":[50],"reverted":[52],"plants":[56],"(most":[57],"Pentatomomorpha).":[58],"However,":[59],"with":[60],"exception":[62],"saliva":[64],"used":[65,131],"by":[66,160,196],"facilitate":[70],"blood-feeding,":[71],"little":[72],"is":[73,96,148,171,208],"known":[74],"about":[75],"heteropteran":[76,93,134,238],"venoms":[77,81],"compared":[78],"spiders,":[83],"scorpions":[84],"snakes.":[86],"One":[87],"obstacle":[88],"characterization":[91,242],"venom":[94,146,175,181,194,204],"toxins":[95,195,219,236],"structure":[98],"function":[100],"venom/labial":[103],"glands,":[104],"which":[105,157,223],"are":[106,227],"both":[107],"morphologically":[108],"complex":[109],"perform":[111],"multiple":[112],"biological":[113],"roles":[114],"(defense,":[115],"prey":[116,154],"capture,":[117],"extra-oral":[119],"digestion).":[120],"In":[121],"article,":[123],"we":[124,128,137,164,189],"describe":[125,190],"three":[126],"methods":[127,191],"successfully":[130],"collect":[133,145],"venoms.":[135],"First,":[136],"present":[138],"electrostimulation":[139,224],"convenient":[142],"way":[143],"that":[147,166],"often":[149],"lethal":[150],"when":[151],"injected":[152],"into":[153],"animals,":[155],"obviates":[158],"contamination":[159],"glandular":[161],"tissue.":[162],"Second,":[163],"show":[165],"gentle":[167],"harassment":[168,226],"animals":[170,200],"sufficient":[172],"produce":[174],"extrusion":[176],"proboscis":[179],"and/or":[180],"spitting":[182],"in":[183,222,246],"some":[184],"groups":[185],"heteropterans.":[187],"Third,":[188],"harvest":[193,235],"dissection":[197],"anaesthetized":[199],"obtain":[202],"glands.":[205],"This":[206],"method":[207],"complementary":[209],"other":[211],"methods,":[212],"it":[214],"may":[215],"allow":[216],"harvesting":[217],"taxa":[221],"ineffective.":[228],"These":[229],"protocols":[230],"will":[231],"enable":[232],"researchers":[233],"for":[240],"structure-function":[241],"possible":[244],"applications":[245],"medicine":[247],"agriculture.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2018-05-17T00:00:00"}