{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2799807201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpp.2018.83015","title":"Personal Data v. Big Data: Challenges of Commodification of Personal Data","display_name":"Personal Data v. Big Data: Challenges of Commodification of Personal Data","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2799807201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpp.2018.83015","mag":"2799807201"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4236/ojpp.2018.83015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpp.2018.83015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpp.2018.83015","pdf_url":"https://content.scirp.org/pdf/ojpp_2018051015311393.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765070342","display_name":"Open Journal of Philosophy","issn_l":"2163-9434","issn":["2163-9434","2163-9442"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320480","host_organization_name":"Scientific Research Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320480"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific Research Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Journal of Philosophy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://content.scirp.org/pdf/ojpp_2018051015311393.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080661434","display_name":"Maria \u0392ottis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187792471","display_name":"Ionian University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xm4n520","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Bottis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ionian University, Corfu, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ionian University, Corfu, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038538484","display_name":"George Bouchagiar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8824-3027","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8824-3027","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4374-0215"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187792471","display_name":"Ionian University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xm4n520","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Bouchagiar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ionian University, Corfu, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ionian University, Corfu, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.2091,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97556359,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"08","issue":"03","first_page":"206","last_page":"215"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.9574999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.9574999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.006099999882280827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-information","display_name":"personal data","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"big data","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-data-commodification","display_name":"personal data commodification","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-secret-law","display_name":"trade secret law","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-ownership","display_name":"data ownership","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-control-over-data","display_name":"user control over data","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-privacy","display_name":"data privacy","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-protection","display_name":"data protection","score":0.3799999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57481673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780322","display_name":"Commodification","level":2,"score":0.7554210424423218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.6614662408828735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317088","display_name":"Commodity","level":2,"score":0.6332195401191711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76178495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4808784","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.5327916741371155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.4838608503341675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4428287446498871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778566306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7170591","display_name":"Personal income","level":2,"score":0.42504650354385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.41011521220207214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.38377708196640015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54750564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26643","display_name":"Commerce","level":1,"score":0.3203965127468109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.19856631755828857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.18122544884681702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1696666181087494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.14429184794425964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.11914011836051941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4236/ojpp.2018.83015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpp.2018.83015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpp.2018.83015","pdf_url":"https://content.scirp.org/pdf/ojpp_2018051015311393.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765070342","display_name":"Open Journal of Philosophy","issn_l":"2163-9434","issn":["2163-9434","2163-9442"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320480","host_organization_name":"Scientific Research Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320480"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific Research Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Journal of Philosophy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"mag:3123004976","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3186347","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4236/ojpp.2018.83015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpp.2018.83015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpp.2018.83015","pdf_url":"https://content.scirp.org/pdf/ojpp_2018051015311393.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765070342","display_name":"Open Journal of Philosophy","issn_l":"2163-9434","issn":["2163-9434","2163-9442"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320480","host_organization_name":"Scientific Research Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320480"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific Research Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Open Journal of Philosophy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2799807201.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2799807201.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W203719629","https://openalex.org/W1485488911","https://openalex.org/W1541941562","https://openalex.org/W1601935591","https://openalex.org/W2018122824","https://openalex.org/W2111361077","https://openalex.org/W2127981728","https://openalex.org/W2245616314","https://openalex.org/W2344646630","https://openalex.org/W2429281798","https://openalex.org/W2488898725","https://openalex.org/W2573660794","https://openalex.org/W2656219660","https://openalex.org/W2664157707","https://openalex.org/W2759182208","https://openalex.org/W2761032822","https://openalex.org/W3121801143","https://openalex.org/W3123734523","https://openalex.org/W3125254907","https://openalex.org/W3125501872","https://openalex.org/W3157172840","https://openalex.org/W4238784465"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210648207","https://openalex.org/W7135939821","https://openalex.org/W2963504096","https://openalex.org/W2791339297","https://openalex.org/W6999989564","https://openalex.org/W3173186874","https://openalex.org/W4401242324","https://openalex.org/W6931822270","https://openalex.org/W3115174998","https://openalex.org/W4285414171"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Any":[0],"firm":[1],"today":[2],"may,":[3],"at":[4],"little":[5],"or":[6,22,53],"no":[7],"cost,":[8],"build":[9],"its":[10],"own":[11],"infrastructure":[12],"to":[13,81,85,91,114],"process":[14],"personal":[15,37,59,83,115],"data":[16,38,60,84,98],"for":[17,41,73],"commercial,":[18],"economic,":[19],"political,":[20],"technological":[21],"any":[23],"other":[24],"purposes.":[25],"Society":[26],"has,":[27],"therefore,":[28],"turned":[29],"into":[30],"a":[31,62,65],"privacy-unfriendly":[32],"environment.":[33],"The":[34],"processing":[35,72],"of":[36,110],"is":[39],"essential":[40],"multiple":[42],"economically":[43],"and":[44,68,105],"socially":[45],"useful":[46],"purposes,":[47],"such":[48],"as":[49,61,64,90],"health":[50],"care,":[51],"education":[52],"terrorism":[54],"prevention.":[55],"But":[56],"firms":[57],"view":[58],"commodity,":[63],"valuable":[66],"asset,":[67],"heavily":[69],"invest":[70],"in":[71],"private":[74],"gains.":[75],"This":[76],"article":[77],"studies":[78],"the":[79,93,101],"potential":[80],"subject":[82],"trade":[86],"secret":[87],"rules,":[88],"so":[89],"ensure":[92],"users\u2019":[94],"control":[95],"over":[96],"their":[97],"without":[99],"limiting":[100],"data\u2019s":[102],"free":[103],"movement,":[104],"examines":[106],"some":[107],"positive":[108],"scenarios":[109],"attributing":[111],"commercial":[112],"value":[113],"data.":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2018-05-17T00:00:00"}