{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2796711095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1122678","title":"Deterring Constitutional Violations by Law Enforcement Officials: Plaintiffs and Defendants as Private Attorneys General","display_name":"Deterring Constitutional Violations by Law Enforcement Officials: Plaintiffs and Defendants as Private Attorneys General","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2796711095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1122678","mag":"2796711095"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/1122678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1122678","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1122678","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183770981","display_name":"Columbia Law Review","issn_l":"0010-1958","issn":["0010-1958","1945-2268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316727","host_organization_name":"Columbia Law School","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316727","https://openalex.org/P4310316010"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Columbia Law School","Columbia University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Columbia Law Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028985432","display_name":"Daniel J. Meltzer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel J. Meltzer","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028985432"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5011986,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"88","issue":"2","first_page":"247","last_page":"247"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14493","display_name":"Criminal Law and Evidence","score":0.23549999296665192,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14493","display_name":"Criminal Law and Evidence","score":0.23549999296665192,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14288","display_name":"Law, Rights, and Freedoms","score":0.19920000433921814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14115","display_name":"Legal processes and jurisprudence","score":0.10989999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-attorneys-general","display_name":"private attorneys general","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constitutional-violations","display_name":"constitutional violations","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-enforcement-officers","display_name":"law enforcement officers","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deterrence","display_name":"deterrence","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-rights-enforcement","display_name":"civil rights enforcement","score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-rights-litigation","display_name":"civil rights litigation","score":0.3400000035762787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97460637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468489","display_name":"Plaintiff","level":2,"score":0.8795297741889954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.6563135385513306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.5284979939460754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.46717602014541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.44586387276649475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4303187131881714}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/1122678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1122678","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1122678","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183770981","display_name":"Columbia Law Review","issn_l":"0010-1958","issn":["0010-1958","1945-2268"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316727","host_organization_name":"Columbia Law School","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316727","https://openalex.org/P4310316010"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Columbia Law School","Columbia University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Columbia Law Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7039741182","https://openalex.org/W2797228533","https://openalex.org/W598754090","https://openalex.org/W2514570698","https://openalex.org/W2580490611","https://openalex.org/W657044389","https://openalex.org/W935167005","https://openalex.org/W609773531","https://openalex.org/W1601323246","https://openalex.org/W2918439560"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Daniel":[0],"J.":[1],"Meltzer,":[2],"Deterring":[3],"Constitutional":[4],"Violations":[5],"by":[6],"Law":[7,18],"Enforcement":[8],"Officials:":[9],"Plaintiffs":[10],"and":[11],"Defendants":[12],"as":[13],"Private":[14],"Attorneys":[15],"General,":[16],"Columbia":[17],"Review,":[19],"Vol.":[20],"88,":[21],"No.":[22],"2":[23],"(Mar.,":[24],"1988),":[25],"pp.":[26],"247-328":[27]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2018-04-24T00:00:00"}