{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2793972080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-018-0384-6","title":"EADSG Guidelines: Insulin Therapy in Diabetes","display_name":"EADSG Guidelines: Insulin Therapy in Diabetes","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2793972080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-018-0384-6","mag":"2793972080","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29508275","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6104264"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13300-018-0384-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-018-0384-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-018-0384-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs13300-018-0384-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16535137","display_name":"Diabetes Therapy","issn_l":"1869-6953","issn":["1869-6953","1869-6961"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320330","host_organization_name":"Adis, Springer Healthcare","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320330","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Adis, Springer Healthcare","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes Therapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs13300-018-0384-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bahendeka Silver","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8135-5943","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8135-5943"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199936661","display_name":"Uganda Martyrs University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v4swe56","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199936661"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801784893","display_name":"Nsambya Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0331bk778","country_code":"UG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801784893"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bahendeka Silver","raw_affiliation_strings":["MKPGMS-Uganda Martyrs University | St. Francis Hospital, Nsambya, Kampala, Uganda. silverbahendeka@gmail.com","MKPGMS-Uganda Martyrs University | St. Francis Hospital, Nsambya, Kampala, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8135-5943","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MKPGMS-Uganda Martyrs University | St. Francis Hospital, Nsambya, Kampala, Uganda. silverbahendeka@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199936661","https://openalex.org/I2801784893"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MKPGMS-Uganda Martyrs University | St. Francis Hospital, Nsambya, Kampala, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199936661","https://openalex.org/I2801784893"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043096414","display_name":"Kaushik Laxmidas Ramaiya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3309-5395","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3309-5395"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaushik Ramaiya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shree Hindu Mandal Hospital, Chusi Street, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shree Hindu Mandal Hospital, Chusi Street, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110551530","display_name":"Swai Babu Andrew","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154840374","display_name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/027pr6c67","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swai Babu Andrew","raw_affiliation_strings":["Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, United Nations Road, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154840374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024902177","display_name":"Otieno Fredrick","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12859529","display_name":"University of Nairobi","ror":"https://ror.org/02y9nww90","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Otieno Fredrick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics School of Medicine, College of Health Science, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics School of Medicine, College of Health Science, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108091160","display_name":"Sarita Bajaj","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3056136","display_name":"Motilal Nehru Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/03jmdp146","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3056136"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarita Bajaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine, MLN Medical College, George Town, Allahabad, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine, MLN Medical College, George Town, Allahabad, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3056136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069847897","display_name":"Sanjay Kalra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1308-121X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1308-121X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153282","display_name":"Bharti Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04vpecq51","country_code":"IN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153282"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjay Kalra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bharti Research Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Sector 12, PO Box 132001, Karnal, Haryana, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bharti Research Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Sector 12, PO Box 132001, Karnal, Haryana, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023139678","display_name":"Charlotte Munganyinka Bavuma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0302-3668","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0302-3668"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087849","display_name":"University of Rwanda","ror":"https://ror.org/00286hs46","country_code":"RW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128173","display_name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali","ror":"https://ror.org/038vngd42","country_code":"RW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128173","https://openalex.org/I4210165170"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bavuma M. Charlotte","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Rwanda, College of Medicine and Health Science, Kigali University Teaching Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rwanda, College of Medicine and Health Science, Kigali University Teaching Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087849","https://openalex.org/I4210128173"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053699050","display_name":"Claudine Karigire","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131419","display_name":"Rwanda Military Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03qz9r039","country_code":"RW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131419"]}],"countries":["RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karigire Claudine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Internal Medicine, Rwanda Military Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Internal Medicine, Rwanda Military Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131419"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011050881","display_name":"Anthony Makhoba","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199936661","display_name":"Uganda Martyrs University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v4swe56","country_code":"UG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199936661"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801784893","display_name":"Nsambya Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/0331bk778","country_code":"UG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801784893"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Makhoba","raw_affiliation_strings":["MKPGMS-Uganda Martyrs University | St. Francis Hospital, Nsambya, Kampala, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MKPGMS-Uganda Martyrs University | St. Francis Hospital, Nsambya, Kampala, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199936661","https://openalex.org/I2801784893"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199936661","https://openalex.org/I2801784893"],"apc_list":{"value":7400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":7400},"apc_paid":{"value":7400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":7400},"fwci":10.0269,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":202,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98959077,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"449","last_page":"492"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10401","display_name":"Diabetes Treatment and Management","score":0.011500000022351742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10793","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Education","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-therapy","display_name":"insulin therapy","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-1-diabetes","display_name":"type 1 diabetes","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-2-diabetes","display_name":"type 2 diabetes","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycemic-control","display_name":"glycemic control","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-regimens","display_name":"insulin regimens","score":0.5379999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basal-insulin","display_name":"basal insulin","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/premixed-insulin","display_name":"premixed insulin","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rapid-acting-insulin-analogues","display_name":"rapid-acting insulin analogs","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/short-acting-insulin","display_name":"short-acting insulin","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-monitoring-of-blood-glucose","display_name":"self-monitoring of blood glucose","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycemic-variability","display_name":"glycemic variability","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypoglycemia","display_name":"hypoglycemia","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypoglycemia-unawareness","display_name":"hypoglycemia unawareness","score":0.7639999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9504067897796631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779306644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002370","display_name":"Insulin","level":2,"score":0.8218932151794434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780473172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5572518","display_name":"Glycemic","level":3,"score":0.8129920363426208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.7150564789772034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777538456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311213","display_name":"Glycated hemoglobin","level":4,"score":0.6601802706718445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780668416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202758","display_name":"Hypoglycemia","level":3,"score":0.6412477493286133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781232474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124407","display_name":"Type 1 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.6003217697143555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910068830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","level":3,"score":0.5186187624931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.4877067506313324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.431674987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.3790755271911621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.3317710757255554}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13300-018-0384-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-018-0384-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-018-0384-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs13300-018-0384-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16535137","display_name":"Diabetes Therapy","issn_l":"1869-6953","issn":["1869-6953","1869-6961"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320330","host_organization_name":"Adis, Springer Healthcare","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320330","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Adis, Springer Healthcare","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes Therapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5052615","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6104264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6104264","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6104264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes Ther","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:29508275","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29508275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s13300-018-0384-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-018-0384-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-018-0384-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs13300-018-0384-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16535137","display_name":"Diabetes Therapy","issn_l":"1869-6953","issn":["1869-6953","1869-6961"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320330","host_organization_name":"Adis, Springer Healthcare","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320330","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Adis, Springer Healthcare","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes Therapy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322436","display_name":"Novo Nordisk","ror":"https://ror.org/0435rc536"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2793972080.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2793972080.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":164,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W57866351","https://openalex.org/W87860990","https://openalex.org/W112949123","https://openalex.org/W116069478","https://openalex.org/W119040087","https://openalex.org/W137398678","https://openalex.org/W176547286","https://openalex.org/W1526927233","https://openalex.org/W1530003444","https://openalex.org/W1565586557","https://openalex.org/W1567866334","https://openalex.org/W1587839004","https://openalex.org/W1589766299","https://openalex.org/W1595280126","https://openalex.org/W1600222971","https://openalex.org/W1605599215","https://openalex.org/W1752045965","https://openalex.org/W1774498627","https://openalex.org/W1838629394","https://openalex.org/W1839191151","https://openalex.org/W1844553584","https://openalex.org/W1866194490","https://openalex.org/W1924318177","https://openalex.org/W1924593616","https://openalex.org/W1948954944","https://openalex.org/W1965514787","https://openalex.org/W1965620761","https://openalex.org/W1970940637","https://openalex.org/W1971893753","https://openalex.org/W1975663485","https://openalex.org/W1976007527","https://openalex.org/W1983099475","https://openalex.org/W1985174962","https://openalex.org/W1988297670","https://openalex.org/W1989103339","https://openalex.org/W1990924858","https://openalex.org/W1995366282","https://openalex.org/W1996580481","https://openalex.org/W1998310232","https://openalex.org/W2000480781","https://openalex.org/W2001387623","https://openalex.org/W2002975035","https://openalex.org/W2008082894","https://openalex.org/W2015642251","https://openalex.org/W2019243766","https://openalex.org/W2025505804","https://openalex.org/W2028245560","https://openalex.org/W2038205851","https://openalex.org/W2044810689","https://openalex.org/W2047533890","https://openalex.org/W2052882373","https://openalex.org/W2054412998","https://openalex.org/W2058037472","https://openalex.org/W2059158127","https://openalex.org/W2063677345","https://openalex.org/W2065933382","https://openalex.org/W2072239150","https://openalex.org/W2074191134","https://openalex.org/W2074206602","https://openalex.org/W2075748004","https://openalex.org/W2076007343","https://openalex.org/W2076516439","https://openalex.org/W2078089300","https://openalex.org/W2079105112","https://openalex.org/W2081740812","https://openalex.org/W2088762282","https://openalex.org/W2090676532","https://openalex.org/W2091229445","https://openalex.org/W2092383786","https://openalex.org/W2092653445","https://openalex.org/W2094830902","https://openalex.org/W2095426009","https://openalex.org/W2095678837","https://openalex.org/W2096733280","https://openalex.org/W2097935036","https://openalex.org/W2098898873","https://openalex.org/W2099733101","https://openalex.org/W2099810057","https://openalex.org/W2102076191","https://openalex.org/W2102257471","https://openalex.org/W2103778002","https://openalex.org/W2105219632","https://openalex.org/W2105413962","https://openalex.org/W2105575861","https://openalex.org/W2106769154","https://openalex.org/W2108147094","https://openalex.org/W2109533147","https://openalex.org/W2111824270","https://openalex.org/W2113322194","https://openalex.org/W2114369760","https://openalex.org/W2117651146","https://openalex.org/W2127521907","https://openalex.org/W2128439162","https://openalex.org/W2130151892","https://openalex.org/W2130852467","https://openalex.org/W2135860304","https://openalex.org/W2143461443","https://openalex.org/W2143943492","https://openalex.org/W2146337017","https://openalex.org/W2149194615","https://openalex.org/W2149347361","https://openalex.org/W2158012927","https://openalex.org/W2158666727","https://openalex.org/W2159127980","https://openalex.org/W2160088494","https://openalex.org/W2160850704","https://openalex.org/W2161404129","https://openalex.org/W2163021079","https://openalex.org/W2166393441","https://openalex.org/W2170431262","https://openalex.org/W2171294019","https://openalex.org/W2174109957","https://openalex.org/W2174121005","https://openalex.org/W2177119636","https://openalex.org/W2178135853","https://openalex.org/W2184899074","https://openalex.org/W2188846692","https://openalex.org/W2193379135","https://openalex.org/W2217920106","https://openalex.org/W2218725713","https://openalex.org/W2232314382","https://openalex.org/W2280835889","https://openalex.org/W2298808807","https://openalex.org/W2302447233","https://openalex.org/W2337454357","https://openalex.org/W2339138544","https://openalex.org/W2341084289","https://openalex.org/W2346031035","https://openalex.org/W2480503490","https://openalex.org/W2515589479","https://openalex.org/W2527670279","https://openalex.org/W2527761566","https://openalex.org/W2567398879","https://openalex.org/W2583801305","https://openalex.org/W2586338890","https://openalex.org/W2587568247","https://openalex.org/W2595044979","https://openalex.org/W2596827363","https://openalex.org/W2607548721","https://openalex.org/W2609777732","https://openalex.org/W2610813958","https://openalex.org/W2611113810","https://openalex.org/W2617540547","https://openalex.org/W2618954273","https://openalex.org/W2729179238","https://openalex.org/W2730331548","https://openalex.org/W2734738699","https://openalex.org/W2749544044","https://openalex.org/W2760585829","https://openalex.org/W2763633500","https://openalex.org/W2769133142","https://openalex.org/W2769264260","https://openalex.org/W2770403854","https://openalex.org/W2770816781","https://openalex.org/W2789732774","https://openalex.org/W2899530809","https://openalex.org/W2900001071","https://openalex.org/W2917198334","https://openalex.org/W3114072797","https://openalex.org/W4212850438","https://openalex.org/W4240794548","https://openalex.org/W4247704066","https://openalex.org/W4253976072","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2049629829","https://openalex.org/W2008458941","https://openalex.org/W2259168962","https://openalex.org/W2734050360","https://openalex.org/W48551926","https://openalex.org/W1995411908","https://openalex.org/W2024232660","https://openalex.org/W99354817","https://openalex.org/W7221264340","https://openalex.org/W2466798188"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"diagnosis":[1],"of":[2,46,72,128,130,148,152,253,362,438,441,511,579],"diabetes":[3,28,167],"or":[4,13,53,67,74,78,173,180,209,267,271,276,286,305,308,600,605],"hyperglycemia":[5,443,459],"should":[6,327,367,381,396,428,482,494,522,572,591],"be":[7,86,106,312,328,369,382,397,430,483,495,524,574,592],"confirmed":[8],"prior":[9],"to":[10,59,105,137,179,182,201,259,316,334,346,384,399,576,594],"ordering,":[11],"dispensing,":[12],"administering":[14],"insulin":[15,52,55,81,160,205,254,266,270,310,325,364,402,407,415,423,435,446,452,515],"(A).":[16,31,88,537,585,609],"Insulin":[17],"is":[18,49,103,114,142,206,217,224,258,358,408,447,454,507,551,559],"the":[19,44,126,297,318,335,347,372,439,468,484,555,595],"primary":[20],"treatment":[21,227],"in":[22,162,210,228,256,277,287,322,371,487,540,607],"all":[23,96,488],"patients":[24,33,135,163,539,568],"with":[25,34,39,65,98,150,164,185,199,212,230,279,289,406,410,422,456,498,598],"type":[26,165],"1":[27],"mellitus":[29,168],"(T1DM)":[30],"Typically,":[32],"T1DM":[35],"will":[36,533],"require":[37],"initiation":[38,255],"multiple":[40],"daily":[41,69],"injections":[42,71,82,493,519],"at":[43,117,314],"time":[45],"diagnosis.":[47],"This":[48,550],"usually":[50],"short-acting":[51,306],"rapid-acting":[54,304],"analogue":[56],"given":[57,525],"0":[58],"15":[60],"min":[61],"before":[62],"meals":[63],"together":[64],"one":[66],"more":[68],"separate":[70],"intermediate":[73],"long-acting":[75,264,499],"insulin.":[76],"Two":[77],"three":[79],"premixed":[80,273],"per":[83],"day":[84],"may":[85,504],"used":[87,248,383,398],"The":[89,112,250,464],"target":[90,113],"glycated":[91],"hemoglobin":[92],"A1c":[93],"(HbA1c)":[94],"for":[95,158,192,226,545],"children":[97,608],"T1DM,":[99],"including":[100,548],"preschool":[101],"children,":[102],"recommended":[104,553],"<":[107],"7.5%":[108,219],"(<":[109],"58":[110,221],"mmol/mol).":[111],"chosen":[115],"aiming":[116],"minimizing":[118],"hyperglycemia,":[119],"severe":[120,502],"hypoglycemia,":[121],"hypoglycemic":[122],"unawareness,":[123],"and":[124,189,223,241,330,344,366,391,417,460,471,478,481,517,520,529,557,565,589],"reducing":[125],"likelihood":[127],"development":[129],"long-term":[131],"complications":[132],"(B).":[133,156,195,249,295,403,463],"For":[134],"prone":[136],"glycemic":[138,140,203],"variability,":[139],"control":[141,317],"best":[143],"evaluated":[144],"by":[145,261,554],"a":[146,190,263,340,508],"combination":[147,211,278,288],"results":[149],"self-monitoring":[151],"blood":[153],"glucose":[154,176,299,352,356,378,393],"(SMBG)":[155],"Indications":[157],"exogenous":[159],"therapy":[161,194,365,436,512],"2":[166],"(T2DM)":[169],"include":[170],"acute":[171],"illness":[172],"surgery,":[174],"pregnancy,":[175],"toxicity,":[177],"contraindications":[178],"failure":[181],"achieve":[183],"goals":[184],"oral":[186,213,291],"antidiabetic":[187,292],"medications,":[188],"need":[191],"flexible":[193],"In":[196],"T2DM":[197,257],"patients,":[198],"regards":[200],"achieving":[202],"goals,":[204],"considered":[207],"alone":[208,275,424],"agents":[214,244],"when":[215,237,420,433],"HbA1c":[216,231],"\u2265":[218,232],"(\u2265":[220,234],"mmol/mol);":[222],"essential":[225],"those":[229],"10%":[233],"86":[235],"mmol/mol),":[236],"diet,":[238],"physical":[239],"activity,":[240],"other":[242,290],"antihyperglycemic":[243],"have":[245],"been":[246],"optimally":[247],"preferred":[251],"method":[252],"begin":[260],"adding":[262],"(basal)":[265],"once-daily":[268],"premixed/co-formulation":[269],"twice-daily":[272],"insulin,":[274,387],"glucagon-like":[280],"peptide-1":[281],"receptor":[282],"agonist":[283],"(GLP-1":[284],"RA)":[285],"drugs":[293],"(OADs)":[294],"If":[296],"desired":[298],"targets":[300],"are":[301,475],"not":[302,368,429,523,552,573],"met,":[303],"(bolus":[307],"prandial)":[309],"can":[311],"added":[313],"mealtime":[315,401],"expected":[319],"postprandial":[320,392,458],"raise":[321],"glucose.":[323],"An":[324],"regimen":[326],"adopted":[329],"individualized":[331],"but":[332,453],"should,":[333],"extent":[336,348],"possible,":[337,349],"closely":[338],"resemble":[339],"natural":[341],"physiologic":[342],"state":[343],"avoid,":[345],"wide":[350],"fluctuating":[351],"levels":[353],"(C).":[354,425],"Blood":[355],"monitoring":[357],"an":[359,560],"integral":[360],"part":[361],"effective":[363,449],"omitted":[370],"patient's":[373],"care":[374,587],"plan.":[375],"Fasting":[376],"plasma":[377],"(FPG)":[379],"values":[380,395],"titrate":[385,400],"basal":[386],"whereas":[388],"both":[389],"FPG":[390],"(PPG)":[394],"Metformin":[404],"combined":[405],"associated":[409,455,597],"decreased":[411],"weight":[412],"gain,":[413],"lower":[414],"dose,":[416],"less":[418,457,479],"hypoglycemia":[419,462,503],"compared":[421],"Oral":[426],"medications":[427],"abruptly":[431],"discontinued":[432],"starting":[434],"because":[437,501],"risk":[440],"rebound":[442],"(D).":[444],"Analogue":[445],"as":[448,450],"human":[451],"delayed":[461],"shortest":[465],"needles":[466,571,602],"(currently":[467],"4-mm":[469],"pen":[470,601],"6-mm":[472],"syringe":[473,599],"needles)":[474],"safe,":[476],"effective,":[477],"painful":[480],"first-line":[485],"choice":[486],"patient":[489],"categories;":[490],"intramuscular":[491],"(IM)":[492],"avoided,":[496],"especially":[497],"insulins,":[500],"result;":[505],"lipohypertrophy":[506],"frequent":[509],"complication":[510],"that":[513],"distorts":[514],"absorption,":[516],"therefore,":[518],"infusions":[521],"into":[526],"these":[527],"lesions":[528],"correct":[530],"site":[531],"rotation":[532],"help":[534],"prevent":[535],"them":[536],"Many":[538],"East":[541],"Africa":[542],"reuse":[543,564,570],"syringes":[544],"various":[546],"reasons,":[547],"financial.":[549],"manufacturer":[556],"there":[558],"association":[561],"between":[562],"needle":[563],"lipohypertrophy.":[566],"However,":[567],"who":[569],"subjected":[575],"alarming":[577],"claims":[578],"excessive":[580],"morbidity":[581],"from":[582],"this":[583],"practice":[584],"Health":[586],"authorities":[588],"planners":[590],"alerted":[593],"risks":[596],"6":[603],"mm":[604],"longer":[606]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2018-03-29T00:00:00"}
