{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2793728656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2018.01.001","title":"External cost of leverage adjustment: Evidence from defined benefit pension plans","display_name":"External cost of leverage adjustment: Evidence from defined benefit pension plans","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-02-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2793728656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2018.01.001","mag":"2793728656"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jeconbus.2018.01.001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2018.01.001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2018.01.001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145099083","display_name":"Journal of Economics and Business","issn_l":"0148-6195","issn":["0148-6195","1879-1735"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Economics and Business","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1743110","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029181047","display_name":"Tae\u2010Nyun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8769-9947","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8769-9947"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64281891","display_name":"The College of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/02nx5r318","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64281891"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tae-Nyun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Business, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, NJ 08628-0718, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, NJ 08628-0718, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64281891"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100634033","display_name":"Kihun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9837-868X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9837-868X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83328450","display_name":"Miami University","ror":"https://ror.org/05nbqxr67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83328450"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kihun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Farmer School of Business, Miami University, 501 E. High St., Oxford, OH 45056, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Farmer School of Business, Miami University, 501 E. High St., Oxford, OH 45056, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83328450"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029181047"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64281891"],"apc_list":{"value":2640,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2640},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"96","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10019","display_name":"Corporate Finance and Governance","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10019","display_name":"Corporate Finance and Governance","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12123","display_name":"Financial Analysis and Corporate Governance","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10081","display_name":"Auditing, Earnings Management, Governance","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage-adjustment","display_name":"leverage adjustment","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speed-of-adjustment","display_name":"speed of adjustment","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/target-capital-structure","display_name":"target capital structure","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defined-benefit-pension-plans","display_name":"defined benefit pensions","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mandatory-contributions","display_name":"mandatory contributions","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/managerial-entrenchment","display_name":"managerial entrenchment","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-leverage","display_name":"corporate leverage","score":0.48500001430511475}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.8549398183822632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91602232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756115","display_name":"Volatility (finance)","level":2,"score":0.700774610042572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780899237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156223","display_name":"Pension","level":2,"score":0.6404373645782471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781300812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178061","display_name":"Shock (circulatory)","level":2,"score":0.5598381161689758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.5550414323806763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149933338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q950816","display_name":"Capital structure","level":3,"score":0.533681333065033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985497776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148384","display_name":"Leverage effect","level":4,"score":0.5001606941223145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.48628461360931396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3922181725502014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.384991854429245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.2426319122314453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0779222846031189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120527767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196867","display_name":"Debt","level":2,"score":0.06632551550865173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23922673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180752","display_name":"Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jeconbus.2018.01.001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2018.01.001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2018.01.001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145099083","display_name":"Journal of Economics and Business","issn_l":"0148-6195","issn":["0148-6195","1879-1735"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Economics and Business","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.1743110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1743110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1743110","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eee:jebusi:v:96:y:2018:i:c:p:1-14","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148619516301151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:105972072","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID3102787_code1181426.pdf?abstractid=1743110&mirid=1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.1743110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1743110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1743110","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.48510000109672546}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494703832","https://openalex.org/W1512485283","https://openalex.org/W1963733206","https://openalex.org/W1973054400","https://openalex.org/W1977240483","https://openalex.org/W1997500202","https://openalex.org/W2007029464","https://openalex.org/W2025610165","https://openalex.org/W2035554302","https://openalex.org/W2038795153","https://openalex.org/W2063955807","https://openalex.org/W2074928461","https://openalex.org/W2084310832","https://openalex.org/W2085973059","https://openalex.org/W2104795328","https://openalex.org/W2115846503","https://openalex.org/W2121308228","https://openalex.org/W2122479412","https://openalex.org/W2124597406","https://openalex.org/W2126903234","https://openalex.org/W2139122730","https://openalex.org/W2139849150","https://openalex.org/W2140358882","https://openalex.org/W2141389012","https://openalex.org/W2142831770","https://openalex.org/W2144357229","https://openalex.org/W2145143570","https://openalex.org/W2148752473","https://openalex.org/W2149088624","https://openalex.org/W2159213308","https://openalex.org/W2160860931","https://openalex.org/W2170790204","https://openalex.org/W2198095829","https://openalex.org/W2217577121","https://openalex.org/W2477359500","https://openalex.org/W3121131820","https://openalex.org/W3121403162","https://openalex.org/W3121720731","https://openalex.org/W3121819860","https://openalex.org/W3121860005","https://openalex.org/W3122225674","https://openalex.org/W3122398884","https://openalex.org/W3122404339","https://openalex.org/W3122420217","https://openalex.org/W3122420571","https://openalex.org/W3122509093","https://openalex.org/W3122711915","https://openalex.org/W3122731611","https://openalex.org/W3123142049","https://openalex.org/W3123700478","https://openalex.org/W3124044836","https://openalex.org/W3124114405","https://openalex.org/W3124117485","https://openalex.org/W3124435285","https://openalex.org/W3124450204","https://openalex.org/W3124896946","https://openalex.org/W3124991787","https://openalex.org/W3125010928","https://openalex.org/W3125087107","https://openalex.org/W3125160976","https://openalex.org/W3125570299","https://openalex.org/W3125637487","https://openalex.org/W3125799217","https://openalex.org/W3125829376","https://openalex.org/W3125934511","https://openalex.org/W4233420185","https://openalex.org/W4248006267"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W105972072","https://openalex.org/W4393030641","https://openalex.org/W4309777209","https://openalex.org/W3124873546","https://openalex.org/W4406707299","https://openalex.org/W2015337907","https://openalex.org/W6999725767","https://openalex.org/W7097025368","https://openalex.org/W7097720339","https://openalex.org/W2275761965"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2018-03-29T00:00:00"}