{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2793079149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199920082-0006","title":"The Needham Question","display_name":"The Needham Question","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2793079149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199920082-0006","mag":"2793079149"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/obo/9780199920082-0006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199920082-0006","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199920082-0006","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463708","display_name":"Oxford University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Oxford Bibliographies in Chinese Studies","raw_type":"reference-entry"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166855550","display_name":"Oxford Bibliographies in Chinese Studies"},"type":"reference-entry","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016584838","display_name":"Nathan Sivin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nathan Sivin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Professor, University of Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professor, University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016584838"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13641","display_name":"Historical Studies and Socio-cultural Analysis","score":0.5810999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13641","display_name":"Historical Studies and Socio-cultural Analysis","score":0.5810999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.24369999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12471","display_name":"History of Science and Natural History","score":0.07000000029802322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/needham-question","display_name":"Needham question","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joseph-needham","display_name":"Joseph Needham","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-and-civilisation-in-china","display_name":"Science and Civilisation in China","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-science-and-technology","display_name":"Chinese science and technology","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-science","display_name":"history of science","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/origins-of-modern-science","display_name":"origins of modern science","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-civilization","display_name":"Chinese civilization","score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wang-ling","display_name":"Wang Ling","score":0.9150000214576721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122302079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8432","display_name":"Civilization","level":2,"score":0.8140398263931274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.6640690565109253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781119825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2163436","display_name":"Fifteenth","level":2,"score":0.5545192360877991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85659524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201486","display_name":"History of science","level":2,"score":0.49831676483154297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206440729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4806809","display_name":"Asian studies","level":3,"score":0.4491264820098877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.41765695810317993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74916050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841090","display_name":"Classics","level":1,"score":0.41481298208236694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.389426589012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.38589704036712646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3486347496509552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.11098355054855347}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/obo/9780199920082-0006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199920082-0006","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199920082-0006","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463708","display_name":"Oxford University Press eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Oxford Bibliographies in Chinese Studies","raw_type":"reference-entry"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W131336428","https://openalex.org/W1570288925","https://openalex.org/W1976441598","https://openalex.org/W2004776008","https://openalex.org/W2053366967","https://openalex.org/W2058440204","https://openalex.org/W2065366899","https://openalex.org/W2080201853","https://openalex.org/W2083078984","https://openalex.org/W2229073059","https://openalex.org/W2256541319","https://openalex.org/W2315929968","https://openalex.org/W2321313333","https://openalex.org/W2322440432","https://openalex.org/W2331388902","https://openalex.org/W2506325385","https://openalex.org/W2525351416","https://openalex.org/W2534763420","https://openalex.org/W2536312682","https://openalex.org/W2800134610","https://openalex.org/W2803026033","https://openalex.org/W4235454578","https://openalex.org/W4252518673"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2890389068","https://openalex.org/W2354008854","https://openalex.org/W2371487761","https://openalex.org/W2007044166","https://openalex.org/W2755773650","https://openalex.org/W2382553729","https://openalex.org/W3174942376","https://openalex.org/W2393459241","https://openalex.org/W570985880","https://openalex.org/W4238374975"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,108],"\u201cNeedham":[1,4],"Question\u201d":[2],"or":[3],"Problem,\u201d":[5],"also":[6],"misleadingly":[7],"called":[8],"\u201cthe":[9,40],"Needham":[10,143],"Paradox,\u201d":[11],"refers":[12],"to":[13,62,101,168],"the":[14,79,84,150,169,175],"guiding":[15],"question":[16],"behind":[17],"Joseph":[18],"Needham\u2019s":[19,172],"(b.":[20],"1900\u2013d.":[21],"1995)":[22],"massive":[23],"Science":[24],"and":[25,70,83,135,144,159,165,171],"Civilisation":[26],"in":[27,50,57,96,137],"China,":[28],"as":[29,31],"well":[30],"his":[32,72,145],"many":[33],"other":[34],"publications.":[35],"As":[36],"he":[37,122],"phrased":[38],"it,":[39],"essential":[41],"problem":[42],"[is]":[43],"why":[44],"modern":[45],"science":[46],"had":[47,126],"not":[48],"developed":[49],"Chinese":[51,88],"civilization":[52,89],"(or":[53],"Indian)":[54],"but":[55],"only":[56],"Europe.\u201d":[58],"He":[59],"went":[60],"on":[61,75],"consider":[63],"another":[64],"quite":[65],"different":[66],"question,":[67],"equally":[68],"important,":[69],"centered":[71],"historical":[73],"research":[74],"it:":[76],"\u201cwhy,":[77],"between":[78],"first":[80],"century":[81,86],"bc":[82],"fifteenth":[85],"ad,":[87],"was":[90],"much":[91],"more":[92],"efficient":[93],"than":[94],"occidental":[95],"applying":[97],"human":[98,103],"natural":[99],"knowledge":[100],"practical":[102],"needs\u201d":[104],"(p.":[105],"190":[106],"of":[107,148,174],"Grand":[109],"Titration":[110],"[Needham":[111],"1969],":[112],"cited":[113],"under":[114],"Basic":[115],"Works":[116],"by":[117,142],"Needham).":[118],"To":[119],"seek":[120],"answers,":[121],"compiled":[123],"what":[124],"Europeans":[125],"learned":[127],"over":[128],"three":[129],"hundred":[130],"years":[131],"about":[132],"science,":[133],"medicine,":[134],"technology":[136],"China.":[138],"Substantial":[139],"original":[140],"investigations":[141],"several":[146],"collaborators,":[147],"whom":[149],"best":[151],"known":[152],"were":[153],"Lu":[154],"Gwei-djen":[155],"(Guizhen),":[156],"Wang":[157],"Ling,":[158],"Ho":[160],"Peng":[161],"Yoke":[162],"(Bingyu),":[163],"expanded":[164],"added":[166],"depth":[167],"picture,":[170],"interpretations":[173],"results":[176],"gave":[177],"it":[178],"coherence.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2018-03-29T00:00:00"}