{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2792018293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0161956x.2018.1435040","title":"Justice for All? Suspension Bans and Restorative Justice Programs in the Los Angeles Unified School District","display_name":"Justice for All? Suspension Bans and Restorative Justice Programs in the Los Angeles Unified School District","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2792018293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0161956x.2018.1435040","mag":"2792018293"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/0161956x.2018.1435040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0161956x.2018.1435040","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0161956x.2018.1435040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86995273","display_name":"Peabody Journal of Education","issn_l":"0161-956X","issn":["0161-956X","1532-7930"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Peabody Journal of Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016783708","display_name":"Ayesha K. Hashim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8836-8771","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8836-8771"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ayesha K. Hashim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rossier School of Education, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rossier School of Education, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110503592","display_name":"Katharine O. Strunk","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katharine O. Strunk","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Education, Department of Educational Administration, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Education, Department of Educational Administration, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045515555","display_name":"Tasminda K. Dhaliwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0361-1686","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0361-1686"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tasminda K. Dhaliwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rossier School of Education, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rossier School of Education, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016783708"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":21.0786,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":88,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99327515,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"93","issue":"2","first_page":"174","last_page":"189"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12474","display_name":"Education Discipline and Inequality","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12474","display_name":"Education Discipline and Inequality","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14017","display_name":"Legal Issues in Education","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13405","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Improvement","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/restorative-justice-programs","display_name":"restorative justice programs","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-discipline","display_name":"student discipline","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-disparities-in-discipline","display_name":"racial disparities in discipline","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/los-angeles-unified-school-district","display_name":"Los Angeles Unified School District","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/special-education-students","display_name":"special education students","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-students","display_name":"Black students","score":0.6499999761581421}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781330901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165392","display_name":"Restorative justice","level":2,"score":0.6964740753173828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139621336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382","display_name":"Economic Justice","level":2,"score":0.6570821404457092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780587575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6875295","display_name":"Misconduct","level":2,"score":0.561922013759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105341887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307987","display_name":"Suspension (topology)","level":3,"score":0.4437788724899292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.41950511932373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.4141378402709961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3961774408817291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2222578525543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5961521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746083","display_name":"Homotopy","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/0161956x.2018.1435040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0161956x.2018.1435040","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0161956x.2018.1435040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86995273","display_name":"Peabody Journal of Education","issn_l":"0161-956X","issn":["0161-956X","1532-7930"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Peabody Journal of Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.9629999995231628,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5385000109672546,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.75,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306106","display_name":"U.S. Department of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/021adze67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308668","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1604226033","https://openalex.org/W1730782591","https://openalex.org/W1923553318","https://openalex.org/W1986793794","https://openalex.org/W2003524363","https://openalex.org/W2033679658","https://openalex.org/W2059373540","https://openalex.org/W2103602964","https://openalex.org/W2119164949","https://openalex.org/W2152095428","https://openalex.org/W2157980425","https://openalex.org/W2169475256","https://openalex.org/W2270672369","https://openalex.org/W2316743975","https://openalex.org/W2546530198","https://openalex.org/W2592149845","https://openalex.org/W2622219928","https://openalex.org/W2743461412","https://openalex.org/W2892037618","https://openalex.org/W3090051269","https://openalex.org/W3130935310","https://openalex.org/W4231389121"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4281572987","https://openalex.org/W1569101790","https://openalex.org/W4210587095","https://openalex.org/W2955300168","https://openalex.org/W430416980","https://openalex.org/W2808227824","https://openalex.org/W2948029664","https://openalex.org/W2743461412","https://openalex.org/W2620581392","https://openalex.org/W7035827484"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"address":[1,30],"disproportionalities":[2],"in":[3,114,117,125,137,145,147,189,208,230],"suspensions":[4,69,75,116,146],"for":[5,17],"students":[6,16,80,174],"of":[7,20,46,79,97,129,143,167,186,191,196],"color,":[8],"many":[9],"districts":[10,235],"have":[11],"prohibited":[12],"schools":[13,82,136,187],"from":[14,101],"suspending":[15],"willful":[18],"defiance":[19],"school":[21,106],"authorities":[22],"and":[23,63,81,120,127,133,175,194,217,220,225,240],"implemented":[24],"restorative":[25,130,197],"justice":[26,131,198],"programs":[27],"(RJP)":[28],"that":[29,234],"student":[31,68,115],"misconduct":[32],"using":[33,94],"alternative":[34],"conflict":[35],"resolution":[36],"practices.":[37],"However,":[38],"there":[39],"is":[40,203],"limited":[41],"evidence":[42,166],"on":[43],"the":[44,54,102,148,156,161,182],"efficacy":[45],"these":[47,85,201,246],"new":[48],"policies.":[49,86],"This":[50],"article":[51],"examines":[52],"how":[53],"Los":[55],"Angeles":[56],"Unified":[57],"School":[58],"District's":[59],"(LAUSD)":[60],"suspension":[61,123,152,169,213],"ban":[62,124,153],"RJP":[64],"are":[65],"associated":[66,204],"with":[67,205],"over":[70],"time,":[71],"as":[72,74,163,165],"well":[73,164],"across":[76],"different":[77],"groups":[78],"targeted":[83],"by":[84],"We":[87,139],"employ":[88],"an":[89],"interrupted":[90],"time":[91,239],"series":[92],"design":[93],"12":[95],"years":[96,149,157],"studentlevel":[98],"administrative":[99],"data":[100],"2003\u20132004":[103],"to":[104,111,135,155,160,200,243],"2014\u20132015":[105],"years,":[107],"which":[108],"allows":[109],"us":[110],"examine":[112],"trends":[113],"LAUSD":[118],"before":[119],"after":[121],"its":[122],"2011\u20132012":[126],"rollout":[128],"practices":[132],"training":[134,199],"2014\u20132015.":[138],"find":[140,181],"large":[141],"rates":[142],"decline":[144],"following":[150],"LAUSD's":[151],"relative":[154],"leading":[158],"up":[159],"ban,":[162],"reduced":[168],"gaps":[170,214],"between":[171,215,221],"frequently":[172],"disciplined":[173],"their":[176],"less-disciplined":[177],"peers.":[178],"Additionally,":[179],"we":[180],"district's":[183],"public":[184],"identification":[185],"most":[188],"need":[190,237],"continued":[192],"reform,":[193],"provision":[195],"schools,":[202],"further":[206],"reductions":[207],"suspensions.":[209],"Despite":[210],"this":[211],"progress,":[212],"black":[216],"non-black":[218],"students,":[219,227],"special":[222],"education":[223],"(SPED)":[224],"non-SPED":[226],"still":[228],"persist":[229],"our":[231],"data,":[232],"suggesting":[233],"may":[236],"more":[238],"comprehensive":[241],"strategies":[242],"fully":[244],"resolve":[245],"inequities.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2018-03-29T00:00:00"}