{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2787079451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2018.2804669","title":"Deep Learning-Based Interval State Estimation of AC Smart Grids Against Sparse Cyber Attacks","display_name":"Deep Learning-Based Interval State Estimation of AC Smart Grids Against Sparse Cyber Attacks","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2787079451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2018.2804669","mag":"2787079451"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2018.2804669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2018.2804669","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2018.2804669","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076103004","display_name":"Huaizhi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5458-9154","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5458-9154"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huaizhi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5458-9154","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078324582","display_name":"Jiaqi Ruan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2584-0738","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2584-0738"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaqi Ruan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2584-0738","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101857631","display_name":"Guibin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0447-1267","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0447-1267"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guibin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0447-1267","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018970525","display_name":"Bin Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1376-4531","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1376-4531"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1376-4531","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004252663","display_name":"Yitao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0604-9601","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0604-9601"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yitao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0604-9601","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020447488","display_name":"Xueqian Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7983-8700","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7983-8700"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueqian Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7983-8700","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108704529","display_name":"Jianchun Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6528-3046","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6528-3046"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianchun Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.8119,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":246,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99493857,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"11","first_page":"4766","last_page":"4778"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12451","display_name":"Smart Grid and Power Systems","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interval-state-estimation","display_name":"interval state estimation","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"smart grid","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyberattack-detection","display_name":"cyberattack detection","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stacked-autoencoder","display_name":"stacked autoencoder","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-forecasting","display_name":"load forecasting","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-modeling","display_name":"uncertainty modeling","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-system-security","display_name":"power system security","score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"deep learning","score":0.5920000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.8097327351570129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6768333315849304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201307755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4071928","display_name":"Cyber-attack","level":2,"score":0.49858570098876953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.48305732011795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.45527005195617676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129537906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7603913","display_name":"State variable","level":2,"score":0.45257869362831116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.4474645256996155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4221537709236145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.42181697487831116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778067643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166507","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.41919952630996704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34347009658813477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.32363641262054443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2519243657588959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.24197813868522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.22546890377998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tii.2018.2804669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2018.2804669","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2018.2804669","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S184777250","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","issn_l":"1551-3203","issn":["1551-3203","1941-0050"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-c","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.8970999717712402,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.75,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1671322483","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51477104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4393065997","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51507103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8326446180","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51707123","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495476169","https://openalex.org/W1680757476","https://openalex.org/W1970225669","https://openalex.org/W1981968369","https://openalex.org/W1998496248","https://openalex.org/W2002619227","https://openalex.org/W2005028112","https://openalex.org/W2012352984","https://openalex.org/W2022810949","https://openalex.org/W2029316659","https://openalex.org/W2036785686","https://openalex.org/W2056684756","https://openalex.org/W2065464347","https://openalex.org/W2075841394","https://openalex.org/W2085992264","https://openalex.org/W2093197140","https://openalex.org/W2096501632","https://openalex.org/W2098897917","https://openalex.org/W2108906138","https://openalex.org/W2114471530","https://openalex.org/W2122559297","https://openalex.org/W2159633361","https://openalex.org/W2164681195","https://openalex.org/W2170837895","https://openalex.org/W2199153360","https://openalex.org/W2230317998","https://openalex.org/W2308438456","https://openalex.org/W2319367234","https://openalex.org/W2326002844","https://openalex.org/W2338561420","https://openalex.org/W2343174841","https://openalex.org/W2477566801","https://openalex.org/W2522610349","https://openalex.org/W2525022545","https://openalex.org/W2526466618","https://openalex.org/W2530022556","https://openalex.org/W2536620281","https://openalex.org/W2549613767","https://openalex.org/W2550453031","https://openalex.org/W2551758879","https://openalex.org/W2560370080","https://openalex.org/W2580715962","https://openalex.org/W2589575667","https://openalex.org/W2592597630","https://openalex.org/W2619800344","https://openalex.org/W2626149892","https://openalex.org/W2735517404","https://openalex.org/W2735539676","https://openalex.org/W2743306721","https://openalex.org/W2761901817","https://openalex.org/W2763128055"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2918850337","https://openalex.org/W7130683680","https://openalex.org/W4415884308","https://openalex.org/W3131508873","https://openalex.org/W3215396741","https://openalex.org/W3045247705","https://openalex.org/W4232868204","https://openalex.org/W4318830296","https://openalex.org/W4213312450","https://openalex.org/W2782840445"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,28,32,47,84,120,140,157,178],"the":[2,33,36,50,87,102,122,126,143,159,191],"aging":[3],"of":[4,52,107,125,171,190],"electric":[5,149,162],"infrastructures,":[6],"conventional":[7],"power":[8],"grid":[9,15,72],"is":[10,55,96,138,181],"being":[11],"modernized":[12],"toward":[13],"smart":[14,71],"that":[16,118],"enables":[17],"two-way":[18],"communications":[19],"between":[20],"consumer":[21],"and":[22,24,75,104,145,195],"utility,":[23],"thus":[25],"more":[26,168],"vulnerable":[27],"cyber-attacks.":[29],"However,":[30],"due":[31],"attacking":[34],"cost,":[35],"attack":[37],"strategy":[38],"may":[39],"vary":[40],"a":[41,114,131,167,184],"lot":[42],"from":[43,49],"one":[44],"operation":[45],"scenario":[46],"another":[48],"perspective":[51],"adversary,":[53],"which":[54],"not":[56],"considered":[57],"in":[58,62,82,148,166],"previous":[59],"studies.":[60],"Therefore,":[61],"this":[63,100],"paper,":[64],"scenario-based":[65],"two-stage":[66],"sparse":[67],"cyber-attack":[68,193],"models":[69,194],"for":[70,161],"with":[73,176],"complete":[74],"incomplete":[76],"network":[77],"information":[78],"are":[79,111,154],"proposed.":[80],"Then,":[81],"order":[83],"effectively":[85],"detect":[86],"established":[88],"cyber-attacks,":[89],"an":[90],"interval":[91],"state":[92,109,172],"estimation-based":[93],"defense":[94,196],"mechanism":[95,197],"developed":[97],"innovatively.":[98],"In":[99],"mechanism,":[101],"lower":[103],"upper":[105],"bounds":[106],"each":[108],"variable":[110],"modeled":[112,182],"as":[113,183],"dual":[115],"optimization":[116],"problem":[117],"aims":[119],"maximize":[121],"variation":[123],"intervals":[124],"system":[127],"variable.":[128],"At":[129],"last,":[130],"typical":[132],"deep":[133],"learning,":[134],"i.e.,":[135],"stacked":[136],"auto-encoder,":[137],"designed":[139],"properly":[141],"extract":[142],"nonlinear":[144],"nonstationary":[146],"features":[147,153],"load":[150,163],"data.":[151],"These":[152],"then":[155],"applied":[156],"improve":[158],"accuracy":[160],"forecasting,":[164],"resulting":[165],"narrow":[169],"width":[170],"variables.":[173],"The":[174,188],"uncertainty":[175],"respect":[177],"forecasting":[179],"errors":[180],"parametric":[185],"Gaussian":[186],"distribution.":[187],"validation":[189],"proposed":[192],"have":[198],"been":[199],"demonstrated":[200],"via":[201],"comprehensive":[202],"tests":[203],"on":[204],"various":[205],"IEEE":[206],"benchmarks.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2018-02-23T00:00:00"}
