{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2783174734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2018.2792148","title":"A Nearest Level PWM Method for the MMC in DC Distribution Grids","display_name":"A Nearest Level PWM Method for the MMC in DC Distribution Grids","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2783174734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2018.2792148","mag":"2783174734"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpel.2018.2792148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2018.2792148","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2018.2792148","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29875816","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics","issn_l":"0885-8993","issn":["0885-8993","1941-0107"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002554718","display_name":"Yi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7269-8039","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7269-8039"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767892","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources","ror":"https://ror.org/045hfth47","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198","https://openalex.org/I4391767892"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7269-8039","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198","https://openalex.org/I4391767892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101348265","display_name":"Can Hu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767892","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources","ror":"https://ror.org/045hfth47","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198","https://openalex.org/I4391767892"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Can Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198","https://openalex.org/I4391767892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016537592","display_name":"Ruoyu Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0642-0462","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0642-0462"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767892","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources","ror":"https://ror.org/045hfth47","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198","https://openalex.org/I4391767892"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruoyu Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198","https://openalex.org/I4391767892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030459373","display_name":"Lie Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5633-7866","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5633-7866"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lie Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5633-7866","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002675645","display_name":"Chao Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0872-5914","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0872-5914"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767892","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources","ror":"https://ror.org/045hfth47","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198","https://openalex.org/I4391767892"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198","https://openalex.org/I4391767892"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Erlin Yang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153473198","display_name":"North China Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr5t414","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767892","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources","ror":"https://ror.org/045hfth47","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153473198","https://openalex.org/I4391767892"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erlin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153473198","https://openalex.org/I4391767892"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4206,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":124,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95282304,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"11","first_page":"9209","last_page":"9218"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.7470999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.7470999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10228","display_name":"Multilevel Inverters and Converters","score":0.25119999051094055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10573","display_name":"Power Quality and Harmonics","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-multilevel-converter","display_name":"modular multilevel converter","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-modulation","display_name":"hybrid modulation","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dc-power-distribution","display_name":"DC distribution systems","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current-distortion","display_name":"current distortion","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harmonic-characteristics","display_name":"harmonic characteristics","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/double-fourier-transform","display_name":"double Fourier transform","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/switching-frequency-selection","display_name":"switching frequency selection","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-balancing","display_name":"voltage balancing","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medium-voltage-dc-grid","display_name":"medium voltage DC grid","score":0.550000011920929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92746544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585184","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","level":3,"score":0.9243308305740356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5759029388427734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127934551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148098","display_name":"Harmonic","level":2,"score":0.5681869983673096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.5642499327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42156128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162641","display_name":"Total harmonic distortion","level":3,"score":0.538691520690918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131770355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q876215","display_name":"Harmonic analysis","level":2,"score":0.5338773727416992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5264768600463867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.525363564491272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188414643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001183","display_name":"Harmonics","level":3,"score":0.5100463032722473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4703300893306732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.4347291588783264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4226875305175781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.41972529888153076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26452386379241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2314172089099884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11922073364257812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.10577115416526794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tpel.2018.2792148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2018.2792148","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2018.2792148","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S29875816","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics","issn_l":"0885-8993","issn":["0885-8993","1941-0107"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:62874","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/472741.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5690000057220459,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"score":0.5378999710083008,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515494277","https://openalex.org/W1969526018","https://openalex.org/W1971198970","https://openalex.org/W2021871997","https://openalex.org/W2024143286","https://openalex.org/W2063591060","https://openalex.org/W2083048944","https://openalex.org/W2107001958","https://openalex.org/W2107977131","https://openalex.org/W2114295093","https://openalex.org/W2160423443","https://openalex.org/W2165542296","https://openalex.org/W2293385726","https://openalex.org/W2316904322","https://openalex.org/W2332788184","https://openalex.org/W2343917965","https://openalex.org/W2346197016","https://openalex.org/W2520465822","https://openalex.org/W2553648428","https://openalex.org/W2564174277"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3132184505","https://openalex.org/W3163566819","https://openalex.org/W4290391210","https://openalex.org/W3204501655","https://openalex.org/W1524763411","https://openalex.org/W2389665571","https://openalex.org/W2115100193","https://openalex.org/W1590159885","https://openalex.org/W2344918511","https://openalex.org/W2620790533"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"modular":[1],"multilevel":[2],"converters":[3],"(MMCs)":[4],"applied":[5],"to":[6,24,29],"medium-voltage":[7,108],"dc":[8],"distribution":[9],"grids,":[10],"using":[11,90],"the":[12,69,75,101,117,123,163],"traditional":[13],"nearest":[14,60],"level":[15,61],"modulation":[16,39,46,125],"(NLM)":[17],"as":[18],"in":[19,80,110],"HVdc":[20],"systems":[21],"can":[22],"lead":[23],"severe":[25],"current":[26,70,154],"distortion":[27],"due":[28],"significantly":[30,67],"reduced":[31],"module":[32,51,102],"numbers.":[33],"This":[34],"paper":[35],"proposes":[36],"a":[37,96],"hybrid":[38],"method":[40,64,126],"combining":[41],"NLM":[42,158],"and":[43,104,120,131,144,153,159],"pulse":[44],"width":[45],"(PWM)":[47],"where":[48],"only":[49,66],"one":[50],"per":[52,140],"arm":[53],"operates":[54],"under":[55],"PWM":[56,62],"mode.":[57],"The":[58,83,142],"proposed":[59,124],"(NL-PWM)":[63],"not":[65],"reduces":[68],"distortion,":[71],"but":[72],"also":[73],"avoids":[74],"complicated":[76],"voltage":[77,152],"balancing":[78],"control":[79],"each":[81],"module.":[82],"harmonic":[84,114,118,155],"characteristics":[85,119,156],"of":[86,122,165],"NL-PWM":[87,149],"are":[88,127],"derived":[89],"double":[91],"Fourier":[92],"transform,":[93],"which":[94],"provides":[95],"theoretical":[97],"basis":[98],"for":[99,107],"selecting":[100],"number":[103],"switching":[105],"frequency":[106],"applications":[109],"accordance":[111],"with":[112,137,167],"grid":[113],"requirements.":[115],"Finally,":[116],"feasibility":[121],"validated":[128],"by":[129],"simulation":[130],"experimental":[132,145],"studies":[133],"on":[134],"an":[135],"MMC":[136,166],"six":[138],"modules":[139],"arm.":[141],"simulated":[143],"results":[146],"reveal":[147],"that":[148],"has":[150],"better":[151],"over":[157],"CPS-PWM,":[160],"thereby":[161],"suiting":[162],"application":[164],"few":[168],"models.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}