{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2778437655","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.160","title":"Civil Service Systems","display_name":"Civil Service Systems","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-12-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2778437655","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.160","mag":"2778437655"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.160","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604323","display_name":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics","raw_type":"reference-entry"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7143643626","display_name":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics"},"type":"reference-entry","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107865611","display_name":"Vainius Smalskys","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2980-792X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2980-792X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146583814","display_name":"Mykolas Romeris University","ror":"https://ror.org/0052k0e03","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146583814"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vainius Smalskys","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Public Administration, Mykolas Romeris University, Lithuania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Public Administration, Mykolas Romeris University, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146583814"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004640533","display_name":"Jolanta Urbanovi\u010d","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2171-2544","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2171-2544"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146583814","display_name":"Mykolas Romeris University","ror":"https://ror.org/0052k0e03","country_code":"LT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146583814"]}],"countries":["LT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jolanta Urbanovi\u010d","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Public Administration, Mykolas Romeris University, Lithuania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Public Administration, Mykolas Romeris University, Lithuania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146583814"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146583814"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10213","display_name":"Public Policy and Administration Research","score":0.9175000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10213","display_name":"Public Policy and Administration Research","score":0.9175000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13988","display_name":"Public Administration and Governance","score":0.07440000027418137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13459","display_name":"Public Administration and Political Analysis","score":0.006099999882280827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-service-system","display_name":"civil service system","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-public-management","display_name":"New Public Management","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-administration","display_name":"public administration","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-sector-employment","display_name":"public sector employees","score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bureaucratic-hierarchy","display_name":"bureaucratic hierarchy","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/managerialism","display_name":"managerialism","score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-service-reform","display_name":"civil service reform","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eu-member-states","display_name":"EU member states","score":0.5619999766349792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51575053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72468","display_name":"Bureaucracy","level":3,"score":0.6326448321342468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.5757932662963867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5112512111663818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4595964848995209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780765947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12033531","display_name":"Administration (probate law)","level":2,"score":0.4501745402812958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.42984604835510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780677400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4122235","display_name":"Civil law (Civil law)","level":3,"score":0.42963269352912903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780110086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161837","display_name":"Public service","level":2,"score":0.4166979193687439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.2672441899776459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.22940555214881897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177986884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207892","display_name":"Public law","level":2,"score":0.19158059358596802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.16109728813171387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.09815710783004761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.09096664190292358}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.160","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363604323","display_name":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics","raw_type":"reference-entry"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.666700005531311}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W591451379","https://openalex.org/W2264408764","https://openalex.org/W2310866190","https://openalex.org/W2427540824","https://openalex.org/W2465836669","https://openalex.org/W2467424644","https://openalex.org/W2472007702"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4246114028","https://openalex.org/W7153682793","https://openalex.org/W3006056763","https://openalex.org/W7046231201","https://openalex.org/W1982738233","https://openalex.org/W2472298342","https://openalex.org/W3121884278","https://openalex.org/W4391371956","https://openalex.org/W4406602719","https://openalex.org/W3128295761"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Civil":[1],"service":[2,61,87,111,119,208,241,261,287,303],"consists":[3,43,88],"of":[4,27,35,40,44,59,75,89,109,121,162,181,190,200,209,225,246,250,253,268,272,283,298,313,335],"civil":[5,28,41,60,86,96,110,118,207,240,260,273,286,302,333],"servants":[6,29,42,97,334],"and":[7,15,50,57,77,80,95,103,168,186,278,325,347,370,376,381],"their":[8,81],"activity":[9],"when":[10],"implementing":[11],"the":[12,32,68,73,107,153,160,172,179,191,201,206,219,226,230,238,256,266,284,295,299,311,321,336,361],"assigned":[13,33],"functions":[14,34],"decisions":[16,369],"made":[17],"by":[18],"politicians.":[19],"In":[20,83],"other":[21],"words,":[22],"it":[23,212],"is":[24,213,232,255,309],"a":[25,63,93,210,216,235,251],"system":[26,288,304],"who":[30,46,98],"perform":[31],"public":[36,52,76,164,315],"administration.":[37],"The":[38,55],"corpus":[39],"people":[45],"work":[47,99],"in":[48,62,112,156,175,195,205,265],"central":[49],"local":[51],"administration":[53],"institutions.":[54,105],"concept":[56],"scope":[58,108],"particular":[64],"country":[65,217,231,236],"depends":[66],"on":[67],"legal":[69],"framework":[70],"that":[71,264,294,332],"defines":[72],"areas":[74],"private":[78],"sectors":[79],"relationship.":[82],"many":[84],"countries,":[85,123,177,254],"an":[90],"upper":[91],"level,":[92],"mid-level,":[94],"for":[100],"coordinating,":[101],"independent,":[102],"auxiliary":[104],"However,":[106],"different":[113,122],"countries":[114],"varies.":[115],"When":[116],"analyzing/comparing":[117],"systems":[120,271],"researchers":[124,262],"often":[125,357],"categorize":[126],"them":[127],"as":[128,215,234],"Western":[129],"European,":[130,132,136],"continental":[131,157],"Anglo-American,":[133],"Anglo-Saxon,":[134],"Eastern":[135],"Scandinavian,":[137],"Mediterranean,":[138],"Asian,":[139],"or":[140],"African.":[141],"All":[142],"European":[143],"Union":[144],"member":[145],"states":[146],"can":[147],"be":[148,341,353,371],"classified":[149],"into":[150],"two":[151,192,269],"groups:":[152],"career":[154,202,220,276,328],"system\u2014dominant":[155,174],"Europe,":[158],"with":[159,178,218,237,344,355],"prevalence":[161,180],"traditional-hierarchical":[163],"administration,":[165,185],"rational":[166],"bureaucracy,":[167],"formalized":[169],"operational":[170],"rules\u2014and":[171],"position":[173,227,239,281,306],"Anglo-Saxon":[176],"managerial":[182],"principles,":[183],"pragmatic":[184],"charismatic":[187],"leadership.":[188],"Neither":[189],"models":[193],"exists":[194],"pure":[196],"form.":[197],"If":[198],"features":[199],"model":[203,228],"dominate":[204,229],"country,":[211],"identified":[214,233],"CS":[221],"model;":[222],"if":[223],"elements":[224],"model.":[242,258,329],"An":[243],"intermediate":[244],"version":[245],"this":[247],"model,":[248],"characteristic":[249],"number":[252],"mixed/hybrid":[257],"Many":[259],"claim":[263],"case":[267],"competing":[270],"service\u2014closed":[274],"(the":[275,280,305],"model)":[277],"open":[279,285],"model)\u2014reforms":[282],"win.":[289],"It":[290],"has":[291],"been":[292],"argued":[293],"organizing":[296],"principles":[297],"open,":[300],"result-oriented":[301],"model),":[307],"which":[308],"under":[310],"influence":[312],"\u201cnew":[314],"management,\u201d":[316],"will":[317,338,350,365],"permanently":[318],"\u201cdrive":[319],"out\u201d":[320],"closed,":[322],"vertically":[323],"integrated":[324],"formal":[326],"procedure-oriented":[327],"Scholars":[330],"argue":[331],"future":[337],"have":[339,351],"to":[340,352,378],"at":[342],"ease":[343],"more":[345,367,372],"complexity":[346],"flexibility.":[348],"They":[349],"comfortable":[354],"change,":[356],"rapid":[358],"change.":[359],"At":[360],"same":[362],"time,":[363],"they":[364],"make":[366],"autonomous":[368],"responsible,":[373],"accountable,":[374],"performance-oriented,":[375],"subject":[377],"new":[379],"competency":[380],"skill":[382],"requirements.":[383]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-10T09:11:00.788812","created_date":"2018-01-05T00:00:00"}